American woodcock migration phenology in eastern North America: implications for hunting season timing

Understanding the phenology of migration is fundamental to management of migratory gamebirds, in part because of the role migratory timing plays in setting harvest regulations. Migratory timing is particularly important for determining appropriate dates for hunting seasons, which may be selected to coincide with major periods of migration, according to local management objectives. We used global positioning system (GPS)-transmitters to track American woodcock (Scolopax minor), characterize the timing of woodcock migration, and identify sources of variation in timing relative to current hunting season structures in eastern North America. We captured 304 woodcock in 3 Canadian provinces and 12 states from 2017 to 2020, primarily within the Eastern Woodcock Management Region. Using locations collected every 1.7 days on average, we assessed whether initiation, termination, or stopover timing of woodcock migration during fall and early spring varied geographically, differed among age and sex classes, or was influenced by individual body condition. During fall, woodcock migrating from summer use areas farther north and west (e.g., Ontario, Quebec, Canada) initiated and terminated migration earlier than woodcock migrating from areas farther south and east (e.g., Rhode Island, USA). Adult woodcock made multiday stopovers that were 3 days longer on average than juveniles and females made more stopovers on average (8.0 stopovers) compared to males (6.1 stopovers). During the onset of spring migration, woodcock that wintered farther west initiated migration before birds that spent the winter farther east, and males initiated migration on average 6 days earlier than females. Under the current 45-day harvest regulatory framework in the United States, hunting seasons in northern breeding and southern wintering areas are generally consistent with migration phenology. At more intermediate latitudes, however, periods of migration are generally longer than 45 days, resulting in many circumstances where migrating woodcock are present during periods when hunting seasons are closed. Managers in mid-latitude states could consider opening hunting seasons later, allowing hunters to harvest more migrant woodcock.