Evolution and applications of Next Generation Sequencing and its intricate relations with chromatographic and spectrometric techniques in modern day sciences

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology offers new opportunities in biological research. In the last few decades, remarkable technological innovations have emerged, allowing the exploration of unexplored areas of functional genomics and biomedical research at a cost-effective and unprecedented scale and speed. Along with such revolutionary advances came new challenges in methodologies and informatics. Despite not being directly engaged in NGS methods, chromatography's inclusion makes the sequencing process less error prone. These advanced technologies offered novel and rapid ways to sequence static genomes as well as entire transcriptomes for expression analysis under different conditions. Utilization of next-generation sequencing has the potential to entirely rewrite how biological research is conducted and chromatography plays a crucial role in this process. New technologies are evolving rapidly, and addressing prospective issues like the amelioration of protocols for generating sequencing libraries, offering new strategies for data analysis, and most importantly, restructuring and revamping experimental design. In this review, the emergence and evolution of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing techniques from the classical Sanger DNA sequencing method to modern next generation technologies are reviewed, and their applications in-conjugation with chromatographic and spectrometric techniques in modern biological studies are discussed.