Two-Dimensional Materials Integrated in Electrochemical Biosensors for Virus Detection: Property Engineering Strategies and Device Applications

Electrochemical biosensors have been widely used as advanced methods for virus detection. Ongoing efforts are being made to improve their performance by investigating novel materials as electrode modifiers. In this regard, two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have been extensively explored due to their exceptional structural and electrical properties for electrochemical biosensors. This review investigates and summarizes the recently developed 2D materials employed in virus detection. Various strategies to enhance the critical properties of 2D materials, including conductivity, surface area, active sites, selectivity, and wettability, on electrochemical biosensing platforms, which impact their performance, are discussed. Different types of 2D materials (pristine, derivatives, and composites) are described and subsequently evaluated regarding their applications in electrochemical biosensing. This review serves as a valuable guide for designing next-generation, high-performance electrochemical biosensors based on 2D materials.