Update on the infant supplementation with vitamin D3, vitamin K1 and DHA

The article provides an update on infant supplementation with vitamin D3, vitamin K1, and DHA. Breastfeeding is generally the most effective way to support infant growth, development, and overall health. In cases where breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula is the only appropriate alternative that provides adequate energy and nutrients to facilitate infant growth, development, and long-term health. It has long been known that mother's milk is insufficient in vitamin D and vitamin K, which is why supplementation from the first days of life is recommended. Infant intake of polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid, largely depends on the mother's dietary intake. Global dietary patterns have changed significantly over the past 30 years or more, especially in developed countries. In conclusion, there are studies showing that maternal supplementation does not have a significant impact on concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid in infant erythrocytes, especially in preterm infants. Moreover, direct supplementation of both preterm and term infants showed significantly better outcomes in terms of mental and psychomotor development, as well as eyesight. Currently, aside from the recommendation for infant formula supplementation with DHA, formal international recommendations are not available.