Mass spectrometry imaging in environmental monitoring: From a scarce existing past to a promising future

Pollution is a global concern with important impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. To assess its ecological consequences and environmental health effects, understanding the interactions between pollutants and living organisms is crucial. Biomarkers, measurable indicators that change upon pollutant exposure, offer insights into ecological quality. Omics techniques provide extensive molecular information for toxicity pathways, while mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) additionally allows the spatial resolution of the biomolecular analyses. This review explores the potential of this technique for revolutionizing environmental analysis, enabling the identification, distribution, and persistence of pollutants, and assessing their biological molecular effects. MSI shows a great potential in improving environmental monitoring, assessing risks, and promoting sustainable solutions for remediation.