Emerging methods of human microbiome analysis and its forensic applications: Review

The human microbiome comprises trillions of microbial cells, primarily bacteria, found in places such as the gut, oral cavity, and skin. The human microbiome holds significant potential in forensic investigations, with important applications in post-mortem analysis, geographical identifications, sexual assault cases, and personal identification. The human microbiome displays significant variations, which can be utilized to distinguish individuals based on their distinctive microbial signatures, thus facilitating identification. Microbiome composition varies geographically and can be explored for identification of individuals’ origin or location. In addition, changes observed in microbial composition during different stages of decomposition can provide valuable insight into the time and location of death which can assist in forensic investigations. However, the use of microbiomes in forensic investigation is still developing and under-utilized, especially in the developing world. This article reviewed emerging microbiome analyses, their strengths, limitations, and potential for future research in forensic investigations. In particular five microbiomic forensic applications were looked at; postmortem analysis, geographical identification, sexual assault cases, bite marks and personal identification. Despite challenges and limitations associated with storage sensitivity, limited samples, and lack of standardization, the use of microbiomes in forensic investigation is quite promising. However, future research should focus on more extensive and standardized studies to overcome these challenges and fully harness the potential of the human microbiome in forensic investigations, enabling its practical application in various forensic scenarios.