Recent progress of 3D printed vascularized tissues and organs

Since the need for vascular networks to supply oxygen and nutrients while expelling metabolic waste, most cells can only survive within 200 ​μm of blood vessels; thus, the construction of well-developed blood vessel networks is essential for the manufacture of artificial tissues and organs. Three-dimensional (denoted as 3D) printing is a scalable, reproducible and high-precision manufacturing technology. In the past several years, there have been many breakthroughs in building various vascularized tissues, greatly promoting the development of biological tissue engineering. This paper highlights the latest progress of 3D printed vascularized tissues and organs, including the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and penis. We also discuss the application status and potential of the above printed tissues, and prospect the further requirement of 3D printing technology for manufacturing clinically useable vascularized tissues.