如何撰写研究文章的非专业摘要,以便于更多人阅读

IF 5.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 LIMNOLOGY
Laura J. Falkenberg, Patrick W. S. Joyce, Patricia A. Soranno
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Unfortunately, such broad audiences do not always find traditional articles easily accessible because they are written using an academic style that includes low readability of text and confusing jargon (Falkenberg and Tubb <span>2017</span>).</p><p>An approach to enhance the accessibility of articles by broader audiences is the inclusion of “lay summaries” (hereafter referred to as summaries) alongside traditional abstracts. Summaries typically describe the issue studied in the paper, the research gap that was addressed, the key conclusion that addresses this gap written in general terms, and highlights the significance of the work with the goal of facilitating communication of the most important contribution of each manuscript across disciplines (e.g., <i>L&amp;O Letters</i> https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/23782242/about/author-guidelines, last accessed 20 December 2023; American Geophysical Union https://www.agu.org/publish-with-agu/publish/author-resources/plain-language-summary, last accessed 20 December 2023). While not replacing traditional abstracts, summaries are where authors are expected to communicate their research in less-technical ways that would appeal to new audiences (Breeze <span>2016</span>). Indeed, nontechnical summaries have been advocated to increase the visibility, impact, and transparency of scientific research, particularly to nonscientific audiences (https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/publication-recognition/lay-summary-promote-work-outside-academia/#:~:text=Another%20reason%20to%20write%20a,academic%20background%20understand%20your%20work, last accessed 20 December 2023; Kuehne and Olden <span>2015</span>). However, despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility to the target audiences, which can be defined by their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari <span>2014</span>). Therefore, using this definition, we explore whether summaries are more accessible than abstracts, identify the guidance that journal publishers give to authors for writing summaries, and provide recommendations to authors, publishers, and editors to support the writing of article summaries with improved accessibility.</p><p>Despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility, which can be defined by the combination of their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari <span>2014</span>). We define readability as “able to be read easily,” and jargon as the “technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group” (Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/, last accessed 20 December 2023).</p><p>There has been some previous analysis of the accessibility of summaries. In a subset of <i>PLOS</i> journals (<i>PLOS Biology</i>, <i>Computational Biology</i>, <i>Genetics</i>, <i>Neglected Tropical Diseases</i>, and <i>Pathogens</i>) readability was not higher in summaries compared to abstracts, but summaries typically had less jargon (Breeze <span>2016</span>). Less jargon in summaries compared to abstracts was also found in another analysis of articles published in <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i> and <i>PLOS Genetics</i> (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>).</p><p>We add additional analysis to the above studies by conducting a text analysis to quantify and compare the readability and jargon of both summaries and abstracts for 1498 articles in eight ecology and general science journals that require authors to write summaries (full details in Supporting Information). Briefly, we selected eight journals related to biology, ecology, and environmental sciences that have summaries written by the authors of the original research paper with the aim of reaching a nonspecialist audience and to emphasize the key findings and broader implications of the research (Supporting Information Table S1). For each journal we then analyzed the summaries and abstracts published in 2020 and 2021. We quantified readability using the Flesh Reading Ease (FRE) index which uses the length of words and sentences to calculate the ease of reading, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 with a score of 50 or greater recommended to enable access by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. <span>2004</span>; Kirkpatrick et al. <span>2017</span>). We also measured jargon by applying the De-Jargonizer (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>) which uses a corpus of over 90 million words and identifies “jargon” words rarely encountered by a nonsubject specialist, with a level of 2–5% unfamiliar jargon proposed to be required for accurate comprehension (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span> and references therein). To examine what each journal views as the “ideal” summary, we also analyzed example abstracts and summaries provided to authors. Finally, the readability and jargon were analyzed using zero-inflated mixed effects models and generalized linear mixed effects models, respectively.</p><p>We found that for most journals, summaries had a low readability that was similar to that found in abstracts (Fig. 1; for another example of this pattern, <i>see</i> Breeze <span>2016</span>). The mean readability score for both text types in all journals was around 20–25, well below 50, the threshold proposed to delineate accessibility by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. <span>2004</span>; Kirkpatrick et al. <span>2017</span>). This low readability is not surprising, given that guidelines provided to authors for writing summaries do not emphasize characteristics that influence readability, such as sentence length or complexity (Supporting Information Table S1). Moreover, the example texts provided in the author guidelines typically also have low readability, with only one above the accessibility threshold of 50 (scores were 8, 32, 33, 33, 39, 41, and 52).</p><p>In contrast to readability, we found that authors typically use less jargon in summaries than abstracts (significantly lower for five of the eight journals considered; Fig. 1; Breeze <span>2016</span>; Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>). This decrease of jargon in summaries likely results from specific guidelines to authors that emphasize the importance of reducing jargon (Supporting Information Table S1), and because the example texts typically had low jargon close to or under the 5% threshold proposed to facilitate accessibility.</p><p>Author guidelines provide important information to help interpret the above results. The representative eight journals we examined typically required authors to prepare relatively short summaries, most often taking the form of a single paragraph, although some are structured as bullet points. These summaries are intended to target broader audiences than the abstracts. Target audiences range from scientists from different disciplines or who were educated at the undergraduate level, to nonscientists such as decision-makers, resource managers, educators, and the general public. Finally, in all summaries, authors are requested to provide an overview of the research, with the majority also asking authors to explain the context and significance or possible implications.</p><p>Author guidelines primarily focus on reducing jargon rather than increasing readability. Six of the journal guidelines recommended removing jargon and technical language (Supporting Information Table S1), while only two journals provided guidelines on enhancing readability (e.g., shorter sentences). In addition, only three journals provided at least one (and up to six) example texts, with only one providing an example text specific to the journal (Supporting Information Table S1).</p><p>These results suggest that authors follow the instructions provided in author guidelines and that if the goal is to have summaries that are truly readable by nonspecialists, then actions must be taken to address the low readability of summaries. Next, we consider what actions should be taken to write more accessible summaries of scientific articles.</p><p>None declared.</p>","PeriodicalId":18128,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lol2.10373","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"How to write lay summaries of research articles for wider accessibility\",\"authors\":\"Laura J. Falkenberg,&nbsp;Patrick W. S. Joyce,&nbsp;Patricia A. Soranno\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/lol2.10373\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Journal articles are the key means for communicating scientific research. In the last century, science has become increasingly specialized such that journals commonly target researchers from ever narrower sub-disciplines. 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Summaries typically describe the issue studied in the paper, the research gap that was addressed, the key conclusion that addresses this gap written in general terms, and highlights the significance of the work with the goal of facilitating communication of the most important contribution of each manuscript across disciplines (e.g., <i>L&amp;O Letters</i> https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/23782242/about/author-guidelines, last accessed 20 December 2023; American Geophysical Union https://www.agu.org/publish-with-agu/publish/author-resources/plain-language-summary, last accessed 20 December 2023). While not replacing traditional abstracts, summaries are where authors are expected to communicate their research in less-technical ways that would appeal to new audiences (Breeze <span>2016</span>). Indeed, nontechnical summaries have been advocated to increase the visibility, impact, and transparency of scientific research, particularly to nonscientific audiences (https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/publication-recognition/lay-summary-promote-work-outside-academia/#:~:text=Another%20reason%20to%20write%20a,academic%20background%20understand%20your%20work, last accessed 20 December 2023; Kuehne and Olden <span>2015</span>). However, despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility to the target audiences, which can be defined by their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari <span>2014</span>). Therefore, using this definition, we explore whether summaries are more accessible than abstracts, identify the guidance that journal publishers give to authors for writing summaries, and provide recommendations to authors, publishers, and editors to support the writing of article summaries with improved accessibility.</p><p>Despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility, which can be defined by the combination of their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari <span>2014</span>). We define readability as “able to be read easily,” and jargon as the “technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group” (Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/, last accessed 20 December 2023).</p><p>There has been some previous analysis of the accessibility of summaries. In a subset of <i>PLOS</i> journals (<i>PLOS Biology</i>, <i>Computational Biology</i>, <i>Genetics</i>, <i>Neglected Tropical Diseases</i>, and <i>Pathogens</i>) readability was not higher in summaries compared to abstracts, but summaries typically had less jargon (Breeze <span>2016</span>). Less jargon in summaries compared to abstracts was also found in another analysis of articles published in <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i> and <i>PLOS Genetics</i> (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>).</p><p>We add additional analysis to the above studies by conducting a text analysis to quantify and compare the readability and jargon of both summaries and abstracts for 1498 articles in eight ecology and general science journals that require authors to write summaries (full details in Supporting Information). Briefly, we selected eight journals related to biology, ecology, and environmental sciences that have summaries written by the authors of the original research paper with the aim of reaching a nonspecialist audience and to emphasize the key findings and broader implications of the research (Supporting Information Table S1). For each journal we then analyzed the summaries and abstracts published in 2020 and 2021. We quantified readability using the Flesh Reading Ease (FRE) index which uses the length of words and sentences to calculate the ease of reading, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 with a score of 50 or greater recommended to enable access by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. <span>2004</span>; Kirkpatrick et al. <span>2017</span>). We also measured jargon by applying the De-Jargonizer (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>) which uses a corpus of over 90 million words and identifies “jargon” words rarely encountered by a nonsubject specialist, with a level of 2–5% unfamiliar jargon proposed to be required for accurate comprehension (Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span> and references therein). To examine what each journal views as the “ideal” summary, we also analyzed example abstracts and summaries provided to authors. Finally, the readability and jargon were analyzed using zero-inflated mixed effects models and generalized linear mixed effects models, respectively.</p><p>We found that for most journals, summaries had a low readability that was similar to that found in abstracts (Fig. 1; for another example of this pattern, <i>see</i> Breeze <span>2016</span>). The mean readability score for both text types in all journals was around 20–25, well below 50, the threshold proposed to delineate accessibility by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. <span>2004</span>; Kirkpatrick et al. <span>2017</span>). This low readability is not surprising, given that guidelines provided to authors for writing summaries do not emphasize characteristics that influence readability, such as sentence length or complexity (Supporting Information Table S1). Moreover, the example texts provided in the author guidelines typically also have low readability, with only one above the accessibility threshold of 50 (scores were 8, 32, 33, 33, 39, 41, and 52).</p><p>In contrast to readability, we found that authors typically use less jargon in summaries than abstracts (significantly lower for five of the eight journals considered; Fig. 1; Breeze <span>2016</span>; Rakedzon et al. <span>2017</span>). 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引用次数: 0

摘要

科学意义声明非专业人士很难理解科学写作。期刊正试图通过要求作者撰写 "非专业摘要 "来使研究结果更易于理解。与摘要相比,这些文本旨在让更多人理解。然而,我们的研究表明,由于专业术语较多和写作的可读性得分较低,这些摘要并没有更易于理解。我们为作者、出版商和编辑提供了如何改进这方面工作的建议。我们的建议旨在让更多人更容易理解摘要。在上个世纪,科学变得越来越专业化,因此期刊通常以范围越来越窄的分支学科的研究人员为目标读者。然而,即使是在专业期刊上,所发表的研究成果也可能与其他学科的科学家以及包括决策者、管理者、教育工作者和普通大众在内的非科学家相关(奈特,2003 年)。遗憾的是,由于传统文章采用的是学术风格,包括文字可读性低和令人困惑的行话(Falkenberg 和 Tubb,2017 年),这些广大受众并不总能轻易读懂传统文章。摘要通常描述论文中研究的问题、解决的研究差距、用概括性语言写出的解决这一差距的关键结论,并强调工作的意义,目的是促进每篇手稿最重要贡献的跨学科交流(例如,L&O Letters https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/23782242/about/author-guidelines,最后访问日期:2023 年 12 月 20 日;美国地球物理联盟 https://www.agu.org/publish-with-agu/publish/author-resources/plain-language-summary,最后访问日期:2023 年 12 月 20 日)。摘要虽然不能取代传统摘要,但作者有望通过技术含量较低的方式交流研究成果,从而吸引新读者(Breeze,2016 年)。事实上,非技术性摘要一直被主张用来提高科学研究的知名度、影响力和透明度,尤其是对非科学受众而言(https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/publication-recognition/lay-summary-promote-work-outside-academia/#:~:text=Another%20reason%20to%20write%20a,academic%20background%20understand%20your%20work, last accessed 2023 December 2023; Kuehne and Olden 2015)。然而,尽管摘要的目标如此,我们对其对目标受众的可及性却知之甚少,而可及性可以通过摘要的可读性和行话内容来定义(Sharon 和 Baram-Tsabari 2014)。因此,利用这一定义,我们探讨了摘要是否比摘要更易于获取,确定了期刊出版商为作者撰写摘要提供的指导,并为作者、出版商和编辑提供建议,以支持撰写更易于获取的文章摘要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

How to write lay summaries of research articles for wider accessibility

How to write lay summaries of research articles for wider accessibility

Journal articles are the key means for communicating scientific research. In the last century, science has become increasingly specialized such that journals commonly target researchers from ever narrower sub-disciplines. However, even in specialist journals, the research published can be relevant to scientists from other disciplines and to nonscientists including policymakers, managers, educators, and the general public (Knight 2003). Unfortunately, such broad audiences do not always find traditional articles easily accessible because they are written using an academic style that includes low readability of text and confusing jargon (Falkenberg and Tubb 2017).

An approach to enhance the accessibility of articles by broader audiences is the inclusion of “lay summaries” (hereafter referred to as summaries) alongside traditional abstracts. Summaries typically describe the issue studied in the paper, the research gap that was addressed, the key conclusion that addresses this gap written in general terms, and highlights the significance of the work with the goal of facilitating communication of the most important contribution of each manuscript across disciplines (e.g., L&O Letters https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/23782242/about/author-guidelines, last accessed 20 December 2023; American Geophysical Union https://www.agu.org/publish-with-agu/publish/author-resources/plain-language-summary, last accessed 20 December 2023). While not replacing traditional abstracts, summaries are where authors are expected to communicate their research in less-technical ways that would appeal to new audiences (Breeze 2016). Indeed, nontechnical summaries have been advocated to increase the visibility, impact, and transparency of scientific research, particularly to nonscientific audiences (https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/publication-recognition/lay-summary-promote-work-outside-academia/#:~:text=Another%20reason%20to%20write%20a,academic%20background%20understand%20your%20work, last accessed 20 December 2023; Kuehne and Olden 2015). However, despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility to the target audiences, which can be defined by their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari 2014). Therefore, using this definition, we explore whether summaries are more accessible than abstracts, identify the guidance that journal publishers give to authors for writing summaries, and provide recommendations to authors, publishers, and editors to support the writing of article summaries with improved accessibility.

Despite the goal of summaries, we know little about their accessibility, which can be defined by the combination of their readability and jargon content (Sharon and Baram-Tsabari 2014). We define readability as “able to be read easily,” and jargon as the “technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group” (Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/, last accessed 20 December 2023).

There has been some previous analysis of the accessibility of summaries. In a subset of PLOS journals (PLOS Biology, Computational Biology, Genetics, Neglected Tropical Diseases, and Pathogens) readability was not higher in summaries compared to abstracts, but summaries typically had less jargon (Breeze 2016). Less jargon in summaries compared to abstracts was also found in another analysis of articles published in PLOS Computational Biology and PLOS Genetics (Rakedzon et al. 2017).

We add additional analysis to the above studies by conducting a text analysis to quantify and compare the readability and jargon of both summaries and abstracts for 1498 articles in eight ecology and general science journals that require authors to write summaries (full details in Supporting Information). Briefly, we selected eight journals related to biology, ecology, and environmental sciences that have summaries written by the authors of the original research paper with the aim of reaching a nonspecialist audience and to emphasize the key findings and broader implications of the research (Supporting Information Table S1). For each journal we then analyzed the summaries and abstracts published in 2020 and 2021. We quantified readability using the Flesh Reading Ease (FRE) index which uses the length of words and sentences to calculate the ease of reading, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 with a score of 50 or greater recommended to enable access by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. 2004; Kirkpatrick et al. 2017). We also measured jargon by applying the De-Jargonizer (Rakedzon et al. 2017) which uses a corpus of over 90 million words and identifies “jargon” words rarely encountered by a nonsubject specialist, with a level of 2–5% unfamiliar jargon proposed to be required for accurate comprehension (Rakedzon et al. 2017 and references therein). To examine what each journal views as the “ideal” summary, we also analyzed example abstracts and summaries provided to authors. Finally, the readability and jargon were analyzed using zero-inflated mixed effects models and generalized linear mixed effects models, respectively.

We found that for most journals, summaries had a low readability that was similar to that found in abstracts (Fig. 1; for another example of this pattern, see Breeze 2016). The mean readability score for both text types in all journals was around 20–25, well below 50, the threshold proposed to delineate accessibility by nonspecialists (Hartley et al. 2004; Kirkpatrick et al. 2017). This low readability is not surprising, given that guidelines provided to authors for writing summaries do not emphasize characteristics that influence readability, such as sentence length or complexity (Supporting Information Table S1). Moreover, the example texts provided in the author guidelines typically also have low readability, with only one above the accessibility threshold of 50 (scores were 8, 32, 33, 33, 39, 41, and 52).

In contrast to readability, we found that authors typically use less jargon in summaries than abstracts (significantly lower for five of the eight journals considered; Fig. 1; Breeze 2016; Rakedzon et al. 2017). This decrease of jargon in summaries likely results from specific guidelines to authors that emphasize the importance of reducing jargon (Supporting Information Table S1), and because the example texts typically had low jargon close to or under the 5% threshold proposed to facilitate accessibility.

Author guidelines provide important information to help interpret the above results. The representative eight journals we examined typically required authors to prepare relatively short summaries, most often taking the form of a single paragraph, although some are structured as bullet points. These summaries are intended to target broader audiences than the abstracts. Target audiences range from scientists from different disciplines or who were educated at the undergraduate level, to nonscientists such as decision-makers, resource managers, educators, and the general public. Finally, in all summaries, authors are requested to provide an overview of the research, with the majority also asking authors to explain the context and significance or possible implications.

Author guidelines primarily focus on reducing jargon rather than increasing readability. Six of the journal guidelines recommended removing jargon and technical language (Supporting Information Table S1), while only two journals provided guidelines on enhancing readability (e.g., shorter sentences). In addition, only three journals provided at least one (and up to six) example texts, with only one providing an example text specific to the journal (Supporting Information Table S1).

These results suggest that authors follow the instructions provided in author guidelines and that if the goal is to have summaries that are truly readable by nonspecialists, then actions must be taken to address the low readability of summaries. Next, we consider what actions should be taken to write more accessible summaries of scientific articles.

None declared.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.00
自引率
3.80%
发文量
63
审稿时长
25 weeks
期刊介绍: Limnology and Oceanography Letters (LO-Letters) serves as a platform for communicating the latest innovative and trend-setting research in the aquatic sciences. Manuscripts submitted to LO-Letters are expected to present high-impact, cutting-edge results, discoveries, or conceptual developments across all areas of limnology and oceanography, including their integration. Selection criteria for manuscripts include their broad relevance to the field, strong empirical and conceptual foundations, succinct and elegant conclusions, and potential to advance knowledge in aquatic sciences.
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