Ontogenetic shifts in body form in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Recent studies have uncovered mosaic patterns of allometric and isometric growth underlying ontogenetic shifts in the body form of elasmobranch species (shark and rays). It is thought that shifts in trophic and spatial ecology through ontogeny drive these morphological changes; however, additional hypotheses relating to developmental constraints have also been posed. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) is a large-bodied coastal shark that exhibits strong ontogenetic shifts in trophic and spatial ecology. In this study, we utilise a large data set covering a large number of morphological structures to reveal ontogenetic shifts in the body form of C. leucas, stratifying analyses by sex and size classes to provide fine-scale, more ecomorphologically relevant results. Our results indicate shifts in functional demands across the body through ontogeny, driven by selective pressures relating to trophic and spatial ecology driving the evolution of allometry. We also find significant differences in scaling trends between life stages, and between the sexes, highlighting the importance of utilising large, diverse datasets that can be stratified in this way to improve our understanding of elasmobranch morphological evolution. Ultimately, we discuss the implications of these results for existing ecomorphological hypotheses regarding the evolution of specific morphological structures, and pose novel hypotheses where relevant.