Therapeutic management of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease.

The incidence and prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been steadily increasing worldwide, with a huge societal and economic burden. Recently, NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis have been renamed and redefined as metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and steatohepatitis (Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)), which result from an imbalance between metabolic and inflammatory stress (mainly as a consequence of adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance) and the defence and repair mechanisms of the steatotic liver. Once MASLD progresses to end-stage of liver disease, treatment efficacy becomes limited and may require liver transplantation. Early detection and intervention are crucial. Lifestyle modification is consequently the cornerstone of its management. Timely consideration of bariatric surgeries should be given to patients meeting specific criteria. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted, starting from the concept that MASLD/MASH is at the centre of the cardiovascular-liver-metabolic syndrome. In some cases, pharmacological treatment can complement lifestyle modification. Several drugs used to treat the cardiometabolic co-morbidities have some potential efficacy in slowing Down disease progression, and some have demonstrated efficacy on histological endpoints that are likely to translate into long-term clinical benefits. Optimising the use of these drugs within their licenced indications is thus paramount for patients with MASLD. Several MASH-specific drugs are on the horizon and are likely to enrich our therapeutic armamentarium in the near future, particularly in non-cirrhotic stages of the disease. Much work still needs to be done to understand the specific features of MASH cirrhosis and develop efficacious treatments for this disease stage.