The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Obesity-Related Neurobiological and Behavioral Changes

The inadequacy of current prevention and treatment approaches for health issues related to obesity has led to the search for alternative therapeutic methods. This review paper aims to provide relevant scientific evidence to understand how the utilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), specifically omega-3, can contribute to preventing these changes and complementing existing treatment methods in the context of neurobiological and behavioral alterations caused by obesity. Focusing on studies involving high-fat diet-induced obesity and maternal obesity, the review specifically addresses research conducted on rodents. While the initial changes in obesity are observed in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also lead to various disorders in the brain. The utilization of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids stands out as an important strategy due to their anti-inflammatory effects, critical role in mesocorticolimbic and endocannabinoid pathways, and potential to correct relevant changes in the brain. In this context, the review first provides a brief description of obesity pathophysiology, including changes occurring in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Subsequently, the general effects of n-3 PUFA are elucidated. Furthermore, the effects of n-3 PUFA on the endocannabinoid system linking obesity and n-3 PUFA, as well as their impact on brain dopaminergic reward systems and neuroinflammation, are examined. By offering new perspectives on how obesity-related brain changes can be altered under the influence of n-3 PUFA, our review aims to contribute a unique insight to the field.