橄榄渣油作为电锯润滑油:性能和安全方面测试的初步结果

IF 3.1 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL
R. Fanigliulo, Paolo Bondioli, M. Biocca, R. Grilli, P. Gallo, L. Fornaciari, L. Folegatti, Stefano Benigni, Igor Calderari, Francesco Gallucci, D. Pochi
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After a lab test and a preliminary cutting test on firewood, the formulation with 2% of thickener resulted in being the best, and 3.0 g kg−1 of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a food-grade antioxidant, was then added to form the final formulation (F2) to be compared, in the subsequent four test sessions, to a biodegradable commercial chain lubricant (SB). The tests were carried out without changing the chainsaw setting, on different wood species, both in forest and, with the aim of increasing the repeatability of tests conditions and comparability of results, at a fixed point. The fluids’ performances were mainly evaluated based both on the operators’ opinions and on the measurements of the chain–bar temperatures and of saw chain wear related to a predefined number of cuts. As to the destiny of the fluid dispersed during cutting, the overall dispersion was assessed by considering the average working time, the consumption of chain lubricant, and the forest area cut down daily. Eventually, the amounts of inhalable and respirable dust particles as vectors of oil residues were quantified by means of personal air samplers worn by the operators and analyzed to determine any differences in the concentration of metallic elements. The test results evidenced chain temperatures that were 0.5, 4.9, and 12.5 °C higher with F2 relating to SB, respectively, in the cutting of trunks of fresh Pinus, Eucalyptus, and dry Pinus. They were accompanied by chain weight losses of 89.5% and 35% higher with F2 relating to SB, respectively, in cutting tests of Turkey oak and Poplar. Such a greater wear, however, apparently did not affect the saw chain’s cutting efficiency with F2, since the operators declared that they did not notice any difference between the performances of the two fluids at the time of comparison. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

油锯典型的全损耗润滑系统在农林业环境中造成了大量具有高度影响的污染物的扩散,这些污染物大多来自化石,通常是众所周知的致癌物质,除了对环境造成危害外,还对人类健康,尤其是油锯使用者的健康造成了重大危害。在使用过程中,链条润滑剂会以液滴和气溶胶的形式从导杆顶端散出,或吸附在木材残渣和锯屑上。然后,润滑油会飘散到地面和植被上,并击中操作人员,长时间接触后,操作人员的呼吸道会受到刺激,皮肤也会吸收。这种风险因素往往因广泛使用价格较低、有时甚至是非法的替代品(如用完的机油)而放大。为了减轻上述负面影响,多年来一直在开展一项工作,旨在用生物降解性更强的合成油或生物基油取代传统润滑油。作为对这一进程的贡献,已开始研究使用精炼橄榄渣油 (ROPO) 作为基础油来配制完全可生物降解的链锯润滑油的可能性。为了提高这种油的粘度和粘附性,研究人员在其中添加了一种可生物降解的增稠剂,从而获得了四种粘度不同的配方。经过实验室测试和在木柴上的初步切割测试后,添加 2% 增稠剂的配方效果最佳,然后添加 3.0 g kg-1 的食品级抗氧化剂叔丁基对苯二酚 (TBHQ),形成最终配方 (F2),并在随后的四个测试环节中与可生物降解的商用链条润滑剂 (SB) 进行比较。测试是在不改变链锯设置的情况下进行的,测试对象既包括森林中的不同木种,也包括固定点上的不同木种,目的是提高测试条件的可重复性和结果的可比性。对润滑油性能的评估主要基于操作员的意见、对链条温度的测量以及与预定切割次数相关的锯链磨损情况。至于切割过程中流体的散布情况,则通过考虑平均工作时间、链条润滑剂的消耗量和每天砍伐的森林面积来评估整体散布情况。最后,通过操作员佩戴的个人空气采样器,对作为油残留物载体的可吸入和可吸入粉尘颗粒的数量进行了量化,并进行了分析,以确定金属元素浓度的任何差异。测试结果表明,在切割新鲜松树、桉树和干松树树干时,F2 与 SB 的链温度分别高出 0.5、4.9 和 12.5 °C。在土耳其栎和白杨的切割试验中,与 SB 有关的 F2 的链重量损失分别高出 89.5% 和 35%。不过,这种较大的磨损显然不会影响使用 F2 的锯链的切割效率,因为操作人员表示,在进行比较时,他们没有发现两种润滑油的性能有任何不同。至于磨损加剧对链条寿命的影响、对操作员安全的风险以及降低 F2 磨损水平的可能性,将在进一步的研究中进行探讨,例如通过对链锯润滑系统进行不同的设置。对空气中残留粉尘的采样分析结果表明,使用 F2 时,可吸入颗粒物和某些金属元素(Al、Mg 和 Ca)的浓度低于使用 SB 时。这种情况可能是由于锯屑与两种流体之间的相互作用不同造成的,这两种流体的化学物理特性不同(粘度、成分和添加剂不同)。不过,这是一个有利于使用基于 ROPO 的润滑剂的积极因素,其残留物的完全生物降解性(可能包含在操作员吸入的粉尘中)也强调了这一点。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Olive Pomace Oil as a Chainsaw Lubricant: First Results of Tests on Performance and Safety Aspects
The total loss lubrication system that is typical of chainsaws is responsible for a massive dispersion in the agro-forestry environment of highly impactful pollutants, mostly of fossil origin, often well known as carcinogenic substances, which, in addition to presenting a risk to the environment, represent an important risk factor for human health, especially for chainsaw users. During its use, the chain lubricant is dispersed from the guide bar tip in the form of droplets and aerosol, or it is adsorbed on wood residues and sawdust. Then, it is subjected to drift, settles on the ground and vegetation, and can hit the operators, who, after prolonged exposures, can suffer both irritation of the respiratory tract and dermal absorption. Such a risk factor is often amplified by the widespread use of less-expensive, sometimes illegal alternatives, such as exhausted motor oils. To mitigate said negative effects, a process has been in progress for several years that is aimed at replacing conventional lubricants with synthetic or biobased oils with increasing biodegradability. As a contribution to this process, a study has been started on the possibility of using refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) as a base stock for the formulation of a totally biodegradable chainsaw lubricant. On purpose, to improve its properties of viscosity and adhesivity, such an oil was added with a biodegradable thickening agent, obtaining four formulations with different viscosity. After a lab test and a preliminary cutting test on firewood, the formulation with 2% of thickener resulted in being the best, and 3.0 g kg−1 of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a food-grade antioxidant, was then added to form the final formulation (F2) to be compared, in the subsequent four test sessions, to a biodegradable commercial chain lubricant (SB). The tests were carried out without changing the chainsaw setting, on different wood species, both in forest and, with the aim of increasing the repeatability of tests conditions and comparability of results, at a fixed point. The fluids’ performances were mainly evaluated based both on the operators’ opinions and on the measurements of the chain–bar temperatures and of saw chain wear related to a predefined number of cuts. As to the destiny of the fluid dispersed during cutting, the overall dispersion was assessed by considering the average working time, the consumption of chain lubricant, and the forest area cut down daily. Eventually, the amounts of inhalable and respirable dust particles as vectors of oil residues were quantified by means of personal air samplers worn by the operators and analyzed to determine any differences in the concentration of metallic elements. The test results evidenced chain temperatures that were 0.5, 4.9, and 12.5 °C higher with F2 relating to SB, respectively, in the cutting of trunks of fresh Pinus, Eucalyptus, and dry Pinus. They were accompanied by chain weight losses of 89.5% and 35% higher with F2 relating to SB, respectively, in cutting tests of Turkey oak and Poplar. Such a greater wear, however, apparently did not affect the saw chain’s cutting efficiency with F2, since the operators declared that they did not notice any difference between the performances of the two fluids at the time of comparison. The effects of higher wear on the chain lifetime, any deriving risks for the operator’s safety, and the possibility to reduce the wear levels observed with F2 will be explored in a further study, e.g., through different settings of the lubricating system of the chainsaw. The results of the analyses of the air-sampled dust residues that were evidenced with F2 showed lower concentrations of respirable and inhalable particles and of some metallic elements (Al, Mg, and Ca) than those with SB. This behavior probably depends on the different interaction between sawdust and the two fluids, which differ according to their chemical–physical characteristics (different viscosity, composition, and additives). However, it represents a positive factor in favor of the use of the ROPO-based lubricant, emphasized by the total biodegradability of its residues that are possibly contained in the dust inhaled by the operators.
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来源期刊
Lubricants
Lubricants Engineering-Mechanical Engineering
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
25.70%
发文量
293
审稿时长
11 weeks
期刊介绍: This journal is dedicated to the field of Tribology and closely related disciplines. This includes the fundamentals of the following topics: -Lubrication, comprising hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, elastohydrodynamics, mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication -Friction, comprising viscous shear, Newtonian and non-Newtonian traction, boundary friction -Wear, including adhesion, abrasion, tribo-corrosion, scuffing and scoring -Cavitation and erosion -Sub-surface stressing, fatigue spalling, pitting, micro-pitting -Contact Mechanics: elasticity, elasto-plasticity, adhesion, viscoelasticity, poroelasticity, coatings and solid lubricants, layered bonded and unbonded solids -Surface Science: topography, tribo-film formation, lubricant–surface combination, surface texturing, micro-hydrodynamics, micro-elastohydrodynamics -Rheology: Newtonian, non-Newtonian fluids, dilatants, pseudo-plastics, thixotropy, shear thinning -Physical chemistry of lubricants, boundary active species, adsorption, bonding
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