Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Production of Xylanase and Other Enzymes from Tomato Paste through Solid-State Fermentation Using Bacillus safensis MABS6

This study aimed to establish a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for the production of enzymes, including xylanase, exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), cellulase (CMCase), and α-amylase, using tomato pomace through solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Bacillus safensis . Kinetic studies revealed that xylanase and exo-PG exhibited their peak activities early in the fermentation process, reaching approximately 110 IU/mL and 70 IU/mL, respectively. In contrast, CMCase and α-amylase activities remained relatively constant, maintaining average levels of 19.8 IU/mL and 22.4 IU/mL throughout the fermentation process. Further investigations in a plate-type bioreactor unveiled the significant impact of aeration on enzyme activities. Aeration positively enhanced the activities of xylanase and CMCase, while it had an inverse effect on exo-PG and α-amylase activities. The focus of our study was to establish the optimal conditions for xylanase production, given its versatility and industrial value. The highest productivity was achieved at a pH of 5 and a temperature of 50 °C. Additionally, the presence of Mg+2 ions positively influenced enzymatic activity, whereas the presence of Hg +2 and Cu +2 ions acted as strong inhibitors. Furthermore, our results demonstrated the remarkable resilience and stability of xylanase across a wide pH range (pH 3-12) and temperatures (30 °C to 60 °C). Overall, these findings contribute to the development of greener enzyme production strategies and provide valuable insights into their widespread applicability across various industrial sectors