Presence of tissue schistosomiasis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a retrospective histopathologic review

Schistosomiasis affects many parts of the human body including those not usually accessible during routine clinical follow-up. We investigated the presence of schistosomiasis in routine tissue specimens sent to the only public histopathology laboratory in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.The catchment area for the Department of Anatomical Pathology constitutes 11 million people in 10 districts. We retrospectively reviewed all the histopathology reports for occurrence of schistosomiasis between 1 January 2015 and 30 June 2020.Schistosomiasis was identified in the appendix, uterine cervix, urinary bladder, lung, liver, fallopian tubes and prostate. During the study period, 725 cases had a diagnosis of schistosomiasis confirmed on histopathology, which equals 0.3% of the total number of specimens sent to the laboratory. Female genital schistosomiasis represented 49.1% (356/725) of the schistosomiasis cases of which 25.1% (182) were from the uterine cervix and 24% (174) from the fallopian tubes. The appendix had 39.7% (289) of all the cases of schistosomiasis. Other organs were urinary bladder (4.4%, 32), lung (3.2%, 23) and liver (2.6%, 19). There were two cases of schistosomiasis in the prostate and four cases in the anorectal region. The main three indications for taking biopsies were acute appendicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and sterilization. Majority of the schistosomiasis cases (312) were from eThekwini/Durban metropolitan district, however this represented only 1.2% (312/25 111) of the specimens received from eThekwini/Durban. The districts with the highest percentage positive cases were uMkhanyakude (43/965, 4.5%), followed by Ugu (129/5 251, 2.6%), and King Cetshwayo districts (132/5 360, 2.5%).Clinicians in the KwaZulu-Natal public health sector hospitals did not suspect schistosomiasis when they submitted patient samples for histopathological investigations. The study indicates the prevalence and the diversity of the body organs affected by schistosomiasis.