Haemoglobin thresholds for transfusion: how are we doing in the era of Choosing Wisely? A retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION: Clinical practice guidelines and the Choosing Wisely initiative launched in 2012 recommend a haemoglobin (Hb) threshold of 70–80 g/lfor red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in stable hospitalised patients. Data on transfusion practices and their trends in medical inpatients are limited. To address this gap, we investigated transfusion practices and their trends in general internal medicine and other clinics. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analysed data from all hospitalisations with RBC transfusions at a Swiss university hospital between 2012 and 2019. We included all first transfusion episodes if pretransfusion Hb was available. The primary endpoint was mean pretransfusion Hb; secondary endpoints included potentially inadequate transfusions (i.e., transfusions at Hb ≥80 g/l) and receipt of a single RBC unit. Trends in mean pretransfusion Hb over time were estimated using generalised estimating equations, and risk factors for potentially inadequate transfusions were identified using multivariable adjusted generalised estimating equations models. RESULTS: Of 14,598 hospitalisations with RBC transfusions, 1980 (13.6%) were discharged from general internal medicine. From 2012 to 2019, mean pretransfusion Hb decreased from 74.0 g/l to 68.8 g/l in general internal medicine (mean annual decrease –0.76 g/l, 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.51 to –1.02) and from 78.2 g/l to 72.7 g/l in other clinics (mean annual decrease –0.69, 95% CI –0.62 to –0.77; p for interaction 0.53). The overall proportion of potentially inadequate transfusions was 17.8% in general internal medicine and 24.1% in other clinics (p <0.001) and decreased over the study period from 26.9% to 5.5% in general internal medicine and from 37.0% to 15.2% in other clinics. In contrast, the proportion of cases receiving a single RBC unit increased (39.5% to 81.4% in general internal medicine, 42.7% to 66.1% in other clinics). Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.45, 95% CI 1.32–1.58 for ≥65 vs <65 years), having surgery (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14–1.36), acute haemorrhage (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.33), chronic heart failure (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.32), ischaemic heart diseases (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.15–1.41), chronic pulmonary diseases (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08–1.42), malignancy (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.21), and rheumatic disease (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.01–1.59) were risk factors for potentially inadequate transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: More restrictive transfusion practices were adopted in general internal medicine and other clinics over time, suggesting that guideline recommendations and the Choosing Wisely initiative may have been increasingly followed. Interventions to reduce potentially inadequate transfusions should target providers who care for older patients and those with surgery or chronic cardiac and pulmonary diseases.