Enhancing the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum spp.) Via Genetic and Environmental Variability: A Review

Significant advances in our understanding of the biological underpinnings of plant production have created fresh opportunities for innovative breeding approaches as compared to the 1950s. Although the enormous and intricate genomes of hexaploid wheat and diploid barley constitute a significant challenge, they also provide a substantial gene pool that may be used for breeding. We provide an overview of current biology's identification or characterization of productivity-related genes and/or mutations in wheat and barley. Because extreme weather events seriously impair agricultural productivity, climate change-induced variations in weather patterns will have an influence on agriculture's future environmental effects and the impending danger to yield sustainability. In order to fulfil the demands of an expanding population, future practical techniques will investigate and understand genotype, environment, phenological characteristics, GWAS, and QTL mapping in order to boost agricultural yield. Since the world's population is growing and requires food in the face of changing climate conditions and shrinking farmed lands, breeding and genetic modification are crucial methods for enhancing wheat yield under environmental stresses. It was claimed that the amount of yield might be measured by weighing a thousand grains or in kilogrammes per hectare.