欧洲对基因编辑植物的监管:从泪谷走向艳阳天?

IF 4.6 4区 农林科学 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Holger Puchta
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引用次数: 0

摘要

大约 20 年前,欧盟针对转基因作物的生长制定了复杂的监管规则,导致大多数欧洲国家事实上禁止在田间种植这些植物。随着新型基因组编辑技术的兴起,以定向方式改良作物基因而无需加入外来基因成为可能。遗憾的是,2018 年,欧洲法院裁定,此类基因编辑植物应像转基因植物一样受到监管。此后,欧洲科学家和育种者对这一裁决提出质疑,并要求修改这一过时的法律。终于,在 5 年之后,欧盟委员会公布了一份关于未来如何监管新育种技术生产的作物的提案。该提案试图在欧洲不同利益集团之间找到平衡。一方面,转基因植物无法与天然植物区分开来,只能用于食品和饲料,除了注册步骤外,完全不受监管。另一方面,具有抗除草剂能力的植物将被排除在监管范围之外,这是对欧洲强大的环保协会和非政府组织的让步。此外,经编辑的作物将被排除在有机农业之外,以保护欧洲强大的有机农业部门的商业利益。尽管如此,如果该法不加修改地获得欧洲议会和理事会的通过,它将朝着建立一个更可持续的欧洲农业体系迈出一大步。因此,也许很快就能开发和种植更能适应全球变暖的农作物,其种植所需的杀虫剂用量也会更低。然而,距离法律的通过还有很长的路要走。在欧洲,反对者基于对变异的非理性恐惧和对自然的天真理解而掀起的争论风暴,往往都能取得丰硕的成果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Regulation of gene-edited plants in Europe: from the valley of tears into the shining sun?

Some 20 years ago, the EU introduced complex regulatory rules for the growth of transgenic crops, which resulted in a de facto ban to grow these plants in fields within most European countries. With the rise of novel genome editing technologies, it has become possible to improve crops genetically in a directed way without the need for incorporation of foreign genes. Unfortunately, in 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled that such gene-edited plants are to be regulated like transgenic plants. Since then, European scientists and breeders have challenged this decision and requested a revision of this outdated law. Finally, after 5 years, the European Commission has now published a proposal on how, in the future, to regulate crops produced by new breeding technologies. The proposal tries to find a balance between the different interest groups in Europe. On one side, genetically modified plants, which cannot be discerned from their natural counterparts, will exclusively be used for food and feed and are—besides a registration step—not to be regulated at all. On the other side, plants expressing herbicide resistance are to be excluded from this regulation, a concession to the strong environmental associations and NGOs in Europe. Moreover, edited crops are to be excluded from organic farming to protect the business interests of the strong organic sector in Europe. Nevertheless, if this law passes European parliament and council, unchanged, it will present a big step forward toward establishing a more sustainable European agricultural system. Thus, it might soon be possible to develop and grow crops that are more adapted to global warming and whose cultivation will require lower amounts of pesticides. However, there is still a long way to go until the law is passed. Too often, the storm of arguments raised by the opponents, based on irrational fears of mutations and a naive understanding of nature, has fallen on fruitful ground in Europe.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.70
自引率
2.80%
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