对一个大型工业中心人口的空气非致癌健康风险进行后评估

N.V. Zaitseva, Svetlana S. Kleyn, I. May, D. Kiryanov, D. V. Goriaev, A. M. Andrishunas, S. Balashov, V. Chigvintsev, D. R. Khismatullin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

导言。本文为量化和描述暴露于非致癌风险因素下的健康危害提出了另一种解决方案。材料与方法。我们开发并测试了一种方法,其中包括五个后续步骤;该方法适用于对与环境空气质量差相关的额外疾病病例所代表的非致癌健康风险进行事后量化。该方法依赖于评估暴露和健康风险的统一有效方法、"环境-公共卫生 "系统内因果关系的数学参数化、额外发病率的计算以及对所有获得结果的综合评估。结果。根据计算得出的数据(这些数据也通过对环境空气质量的仪器观测得到了验证),住宅区中的 27 种化学物质违反了现行的卫生标准。有 26 种化学物质的危害商数升高(最高达 98.7HQac;最高达 62.7HQch)。受分析化学品的叠加效应影响,居民区的危害指数(HI)升高,对呼吸器官、心血管和造血系统、肝脏、肾脏、眼睛、发育、免疫、生殖、内分泌和其他系统的影响可列为 "警戒 "级别(36)。已确定的空气接触水平每年在总人口中造成约 80,900 例额外疾病(71.0‰;占总发病率的 4.15%);23 种化学物质被认为是优先风险因素(贡献率在 0.25 至 65.0% 之间)。我们发现某些疾病类别具有一定的规律性:在空气传播健康风险较高的地区,与环境空气质量相关的额外发病率水平较高。因此,在呼吸器官的空气传播风险为 HIch≤1 的区域,我们没有发现此类疾病的额外发病率;在 16(超过 109 万人)的区域,发病率为 5.0‰。局限性。建议的方法是通过计算得出的。其结果可能与通过有针对性的深入调查得出的结果不同,这些调查的目的是为不符合卫生标准的不利环境条件下的健康危害建立证据基础。环境-公共卫生 "系统中的数学模型参数是针对暴露于环境空气中污染物的有限范围和有限的空气传播健康风险因素清单而获得的。结论所建议的非致癌健康风险后评估方法可以将这些健康风险量化为与环境质量差有关的额外疾病;它们扩大了健康风险评估的结果,使其更加精确、有效并具有卫生意义。它们可用于优化社会和卫生监测以及评估已实施预防活动的有效性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Posterior assessment of airborne non-carcinogenic health risk of the population of a large industrial center
Introduction. This article suggests an alternative solution to the task of quantifying and describing health harm under exposure to non-carcinogenic risk factors. Materials and methods. We have developed and tested a methodical approach that includes five subsequent steps; it is eligible for posterior quantification of non-carcinogenic health risks represented by additional diseases cases associated with poor ambient air quality. The approach relies on unified and validated methods for assessing exposure and health risks, mathematical parameterization of cause-effect relations within the "environment – public health" system, and calculation of additional incidence as well as combined assessment of all the obtained results. Results. According to calculated data, which were also verified by instrumental observations of ambient air quality, the existing hygienic standards are violated as per 27 chemicals in residential areas. Elevated hazard quotients are identified for 26 chemicals (up to 98.7HQac; up to 62.7HQch). Additive effects of the analyzed chemicals crated elevated hazard indices (HI) in residential areas that could be ranked as "alerting" (36) for respiratory organs, the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems, liver, kidneys, eyes, development, the immune, reproductive, endocrine, and other systems. The identified levels of airborne exposure annually cause approximately 80.9 thousand additional diseases among the total population (71.0‰; 4.15% of the total incidence); 23 chemicals are considered priority risk factors (contributions vary between 0.25 and 65.0%). We have identified certain regularity for some disease classes: higher levels of additional incidence associated with ambient air quality are established in zones with higher airborne health risks. Thus, in zones where airborne risks for respiratory organs are HIch≤1, we identified no additional incidence as per such diseases; in zones with 16 (more than 1.09 million people), 5.0‰. Limitations. The suggested approaches have been obtained by calculation. Their results might differ from those obtained by targeted in-depth investigations aimed at creating an evidence base of health harm under adverse environmental conditions that do not conform to hygienic standards. The parameters of mathematical models within "the environment – public health" system have been obtained for a limited range of exposure to pollutants in ambient air and a limited list of airborne health risk factors. Conclusion. The suggested methodical approaches to posterior assessment of non-carcinogenic health risks allows quantifying these health risks as additional diseases associated with poor quality of the environment; they enlarge the results of health risk assessment and make them more precise, validate and support them with hygienic significance. They can be utilized within optimization of social and hygienic monitoring and assessment of effectiveness of implemented prevention activities.
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