Serum Inflammatory Markers in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition with Systemic Infections: A Case–Control Study

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a major contributor to under-five mortality in developing countries such as India, where SAM children are susceptible to infections. However, there is inconsistent literature on the derangement of immune mechanisms and subsequent infection-related mounting of inflammatory responses in SAM cases compared to nutritionally-normal controls with infections. To address this, authors conducted a case–control study comparing serum inflammatory markers in 60 SAM children with systemic infections to nutritionally-normal children with infection. Cases had a lower mean serum C-reactive protein (CRP) on admission compared to controls (p-value <0.001), which continued during the follow-up (p-value <0.001). Cases also had a lower mean serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) on admission (p-value = 0.04). Baseline CRP, procalcitonin, and follow-up procalcitonin were positively correlated with antibiotic therapy duration (p-value = 0.018, 0.025, and 0.007, respectively). This study suggests that SAM children had some ability to mount an inflammatory response during a systemic infection, but it was weaker compared to nutritionally normal children with a systemic infection.