Multifunctional Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters as a Theranostics and Symptoms Disappearing Agent for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of disability and mortality worldwide, creating a large socioeconomic burden annually. Secondary injury physiopathology is known to play a prominent role in exacerbating neurodegeneration post-TBI and is potentially preventable by therapies. However, due to the heterogeneity of TBI and the complexity of the pathological mechanisms that ensue, there are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments to prevent TBI-associated disability and mortality. Nanotechnology has emerged in recent decades as a promising platform for the development of multifunctional neuroprotective agents for TBI. Herein, current multifunctional innovations are explored in this review in nanotechnology, which target the secondary injury pathological mechanisms of TBI and show promise in improving future post-TBI management. Also, potential new directions for the future development of TBI treatment are discussed.