Multi-criteria groundwater potential zonation using GIS-based fuzzified AHP: Case study of Ondo metropolis Southwestern Nigeria

The study utilized the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (F-AHP) in the multicriteria decision analysis of seven important hydrogeologic parameters associated with groundwater potentiality/yield. The purpose was to develop groundwater potential map using groundwater potential index values (GWPIV) for Ondo metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. The hydrogeologic parameters were prioritize and assigned different weights hierarchically according to their level of importance using F-AHP, as aquifer layer thickness (0.05), aquifer layer resistivity (0.04), overburden thickness (0.12), transverse resistance (0.18), transmissivity (0.32), coefficient of anisotropy (0.25), and formation factor (0.03). From regional perspective, based on drainage basin, and river network, the region was categorized to be of low/moderate groundwater yield, with moderate to high flow connectivity. The higher and lower elevations are generally remarkable in the northern and southern areas respectively, hence possibility of movement of water towards the southern part with the northern forming the watershed. Furthermore, the longitudinal unit conductance recorded regional average value of 1.168, while 1.20, 1.16, and 1.10 were recorded for granite, gneiss and migmatite, which suggests moderate vulnerability to contamination. The average values recorded for overburden thickness, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, transverse resistance, formation factor, coefficient of anisotropy, fracture contrast, and reflection coefficient are 22.5 m, 0.33 m/d, 5.56 m²/d, 4966 ohm-m², 2.42, 1.17, 15.3, and 0.66 respectively. The water table aquifer and the fractured basement are the major water bearing units in the area; while the geological units showed overlapping hydrogeologic properties. The obtained GWPIV ranged from 1.21 to 3.55 with regional average of 1.86, suggesting a moderate potential. Nevertheless, the southern part showed more propensity/yield than the northern area. The study showed the importance of geospatial mapping technique, involving fuzzy analytical hierarchical process, in groundwater evaluation, as it was able to solve and obtain different hydrogeological parameters, which were integrated to prioritize and define the area's groundwater prolificacy for the purpose of improving, expanding, and management of the existing water scheme in the study area.