Application of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and quantum-dots in halide perovskite solar cells

Since the last decade, perovskites have been incredibly successful in photovoltaic applications. However, the lack of stability and dependability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has prevented their widespread commercialization. Several solutions, including interfacial and structural engineering, have significantly improved the performance of PSCs. For photovoltaic (PV) applications, the 0D and 2D titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x) based MXenes have been recognized as a very flexible family of materials. Ti₃C₂T_x MXene is an excellent candidate for solar cells due to its many benefits, including exceptional electrical conductivity, easy solution processing, adaptive work function (WF), and high optical transmittance. Additionally, the diverse families of halide perovskites (HP) and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene enable the rational design and changes of HP/MXene interfaces to control their composition and functionality. This review examines the use of 0D Ti₃C₂T_x quantum dots (QDs) and 2D Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets in PSCs. This review covers their use as perovskite and charge transport layer additives, giving a thorough insight into these processes. Additionally, the potential of Ti₃C₂T_x as a replacement for the typical metal electrode in PSCs is also covered in this review. An in-depth outlook on the fascinating possibilities offered by Ti₃C₂T_x MXene is discussed here, along with the difficulties encountered in successfully integrating it into PSCs to improve stability and performance.