Soil bacterial and fungal communities resilience to long-term nitrogen addition in subtropical forests in China

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is predicted to increase, especially in the subtropics. However, the responses of soil microorganisms to long-term N addition at the molecular level in N-rich subtropical forests have not been clarified. A long-term nutrient addition experiment was conducted in a subtropical evergreen old-growth forest in China. The four treatments were: control, low N (50 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), high N (100 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), and combined N and phosphorus (P) (100 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ + 50 kg P ha⁻¹ a⁻¹). Metagenomic sequencing characterized diversity and composition of soil microbial communities and used to construct bacterial/fungal co-occurrence networks. Nutrient-treated soils were more acidic and had higher levels of dissolved organic carbon than controls. There were no significant differences in microbial diversity and community composition across treatments. The addition of nutrients increased the abundance of copiotrophic bacteria and potentially beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Gemmatimonadetes, Chaetomium, and Aureobasidium). Low N addition increased microbiome network connectivity. Three rare fungi were identified as module hubs under nutrient addition, indicating that low abundance fungi were more sensitive to increased nutrients. The results indicate that the overall composition of microbial communities was stable but not static to long-term N addition. Our findings provide new insights that can aid predictions of the response of soil microbial communities to long-term N addition.