专有权刺激迂回设计:绕过爱迪生电灯专利如何促进竞争和新技术发展

IF 16.4 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2021-06-02 DOI:10.1093/joclec/nhab010

Ron D Katznelson, John Howells

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引用次数: 0

摘要

围绕专利进行设计很普遍，但并不常被视为专利通过竞争促进经济发展的一种手段。我们提供了一个新颖的实证研究的程度和时间设计围绕专利权利要求。我们研究了1878-1898年期间白炽灯相关专利的申请率，发现1891-1894年爱迪生白炽灯专利的实施刺激了专利申请的激增。我们研究了这些灯具专利中所描述的灯具的具体设计特征，并将其与爱迪生声称的发明进行比较，以创建按申请日期计算的非侵权设计的数量。这些非侵权设计大多通过创造替代技术来参与市场，从而规避了爱迪生的专利要求。我们对这些专利的前向引用分析表明，其中一些专利为新领域引入了开创性的现有技术。这表明围绕专利的发明不是重复研究，并有助于动态经济效率。我们的研究表明，爱迪生电灯专利并没有抑制电灯的进步，爱迪生专利权人的市场力量在该专利的实施过程中被削弱了。我们建议，对专利周围设计的影响进行调查对于确定专利赋予的市场力量的程度至关重要。JEL: D21 -企业行为:理论，D22 -企业行为:实证分析，K11 -物权法，K21 -反垄断法，L12 -垄断;垄断战略，N8 -微型企业历史，O31 -创新与发明:过程与激励，O32 -技术创新与研发管理，O33 -技术变革:选择与后果，O34 -知识产权与知识资本

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Exclusive Rights Stimulate Design Around: How Circumventing Edison’s Lamp Patent Promoted Competition and New Technology Development

Designing around patents is prevalent but not often appreciated as a means by which patents promote economic development through competition. We provide a novel empirical study of the extent and timing of designing around patent claims. We study the filing rate of incandescent lamp-related patents during 1878–1898 and find that the enforcement of Edison’s incandescent lamp patent in 1891–1894 stimulated a surge of patenting. We studied the specific design features of the lamps described in these lamp patents and compared them with Edison’s claimed invention to create a count of noninfringing designs by filing date. Most of these noninfringing designs circumvented Edison’s patent claims by creating substitute technologies to enable participation in the market. Our forward citation analysis of these patents shows that some had introduced pioneering prior art for new fields. This indicates that invention around patents is not duplicative research and contributes to dynamic economic efficiency. We show that the Edison lamp patent did not suppress advance in electric lighting and the market power of the Edison patent owner weakened during this patent’s enforcement. We propose that investigation of the effects of design around patents is essential for establishing the degree of market power conferred by patents. JEL: D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory, D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, K11 - Property Law, K21 - Antitrust Law, L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies, N8 - Micro-Business History, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences, O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.