A meridional dipole mode in the Indian Ocean subsurface ocean heat content and its multidecadal variability

The dominant mode of the Indian Ocean variability can be impacted by changes in the background state (multidecadal timescale) of the subsurface heat content. The multidecadal variability of subsurface ocean heat content (sub-OHC) in the Indian Ocean is examined using four reanalysis products from 1958 to 2017. The analysis reveals a meridional basin-wide dipole mode in the subsurface OHC until the late 1980s, followed by the mode embedded in the uniform basin-wide patterns. These patterns are also observed in the trends of thermocline and sea surface height. The observed patterns in the Indian Ocean are explained by two distinct mechanisms. Firstly, the multidecadal variability of dipole patterns over the Indian Ocean is influenced by local wind forcing. Wind stress trends and Ekman pumping velocity trends favor downwelling (upwelling) in the off-equatorial southern Indian Ocean region, leading to thermocline depth deepening (shallowing) during 1958–1975 and 1976–1987, respectively. Secondly, the combined effect of heat transport from the western Pacific through Indonesian Through Flow and local wind forcing accounts for the basin-wide cooling and warming trends observed during 1988–2000, and 2001–2014, respectively.