Comparison of the specific mechanical energy, specific thermal energy, and functional properties of cold and hot extruded pea protein isolate.

Pea protein is a popular source of plant-based protein, though its application in meat and dairy analog products is still lacking. This is particularly true in the development of products with fatty and creamy textures. Cold denaturation may be a way to induce these types of textures in food since this is a universal phenomenon in protein that occurs due to a weakening of hydrophobic interactions at cold temperatures. This work utilizes a single screw extruder to systematically study the impacts of moisture content (50-65 %) and pH (2,4.5,8) on the outlet temperatures, specific mechanical energy, specific thermal energy, and texture of cold-extruded pea protein. It was found that at pH 2 and moistures of 60 % and greater, the temperature of the product exiting the extruder is <5.5 °C, and also produced 13.7 %-36.5 % more specific thermal energy, indicating the occurrence of cold denaturation in these products. Based on these findings, a comparison of hot and cold extrusion was conducted as a function of pH and oil content. It was found that cold extrusion imparts 43.0 %-56.2 % more mechanical energy into the protein than hot extrusion, and the cold extruded protein had higher values of Young's modulus and breaking stress. The protein extruded at low temperatures was also able to bind 32.93 % more oil than hot extruded proteins when extruded with 10 % added oil, which may aid in the formation of protein-based fat memetics for the food industry.