Printed nanomaterial sensor platforms for COVID-19 and future pandemics

As a rapid, inexpensive prototyping and production methodology, additive manufacturing was widely employed for viral diagnosis platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple printing methods were utilized including screen printing, aerosol jet printing, 3D printing, and wax printing to develop nanomaterial sensors designed to detect SARS-CoV-2. In this Review, the advantages, and challenges of each of these printing methods are delineated in addition to optimal nanomaterial ink formulations and printing parameters. Furthermore, surface modification schemes are discussed due to their importance in enhancing chemical functionality, electrical and electrochemical performance, and ultimately the sensitivity and selectivity of the final sensing platform. Along with surveying the latest published results, this Review summarizes remaining open questions that will help guide research aimed at ensuring a more effective response to future pandemics.