Propensity score methods for causal inference and generalization

As evidence from evaluation and experimental studies continue to influence decision and policymaking, applied researchers and practitioners require tools to derive valid and credible inferences. Over the past several decades, research in causal inference has progressed with the development and application of propensity scores. Since their inception, propensity scores have made an important contribution to the improvement in estimation of causal impacts, particularly in the absence of randomization. When certain core assumptions hold, propensity score-based methods allow for bias-reduced estimation of average treatment effects. In addition to their important role in causal studies, propensity scores have also been integral in improving generalizations from causal studies, specifically when study samples are not randomly selected from a target population of inference. The current study provides an overview of propensity scores, a discussion of the assumptions needed to ensure their validity, and an illustration of the methods both for causal inference and generalization. We highlight the importance of propensity score methods and discuss current applications and directions for ongoing and future research.