Long COVID prevalence, risk factors and impact of vaccination in the paediatric population: a survey study in Singapore

Introduction: Information on the quality of health of children and younger persons (CYPs) after SARS-COV-2 infection remains scarce, especially from Asia. In this study, we utilised an online survey to investigate Long COVID prevalence in CYPs in Singapore. Method: The study was an anonymised online survey of physical and functional symptoms, made available from 14 October 2022 to 15 January 2023. Caregivers of CYPs aged 0 to 18 years were invited to complete the survey on behalf of their CYPs. Participants provided demographic information and their history of SARS-CoV-2 infection status to allow classification into cases and controls for analysis. Results: A total of 640 completed responses were analysed, 471 (73.6%) were cases and 169 (26.4%) were controls. The prevalence of Long COVID ≥3 months post-infection was 16.8%. This decreased to 8.7% ≥6 months post-infection. Cases had higher odds of developing Long COVID (odds ratio [OR] 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–4.74). The most common symptoms of Long COVID were persistent cough (7.4%), nasal congestion (7.6%) and fatigue (3.0%). Male gender was significantly associated with higher odds of Long COVID (adjusted OR 1.71 [1.04–2.83]). Vaccinated CYPs had lower odds of Long COVID but this was not statically significant (adjusted OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34–1.25). Conclusion: About 1 in 6 CYPs in Singapore developed Long COVID with persistence of 1 or more symptoms ≥3 months post-infection, and approximately half will recover by 6 months. Male gender was associated with higher odds of Long COVID, and vaccination could potentially be protective against Long COVID in CYPs.