Dempster–Shafer and LSTM based analysis and forecasting of total ozone data

ABSTRACTTotal ozone time series in a metropolis in India were examined in the current study. The data explored are obtained through Brewer spectrophotometer, which counts photons with a photomultiplier to calculate UV irradiance in the spectrum and measures total ozone when the relative route of photons through the ozone layer (air mass) is 3.5 or less. The total ozone time series’ uncertainty was thoroughly examined using the Dempster–Shafer method, and the association was also depicted using three-dimensional graphs. Finally, the Adam Optimisation Algorithm and the Rectified Linear Unit were used to demonstrate the prediction capability of the single layer Long Short-Term Memory model.KEYWORDS: Total ozoneDempster–Shafer theoryfuzzy setjoint belief measureLSTM Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) website was used to collect the observational Total Ozone monthly data for the region of New Delhi, India, for the years 2017 to 2021. The data can be accessed at the following link: https://woudc.org/data/explore.php#.