Implant Compression Necrosis: A Scrupulous Review

Currently when the implant is placed it deals with various mechanical stresses before it integrates with the bone. The stresses may cause micromovement that jeopardises the healing process in early stages. These stresses aggravate as the implant goes deeper into the bone and somewhat accounts for increased friction and torque. Excess torque at the insertion time may lead to bone compression which if crosses its physiologic limit may lead to a bloodless field i.e. ischemia following necrosis or sequestrum formation which in turn will cause implant failure. This is termed as compression necrosis. Too much torque levels may result in high levels of strain transmitted to adjacent bone. The crestal area around the implant is mainly comprised of cortical bone which has minimum blood supply and is exposed to extreme strain making it more vulnerable to bone necrosis and which is paramount to the failure of implant. An attempt has been made to review the physiologic effect of alveolar bone on compression necrosis the mechanism and histopathology behind compression necrosis factors leading to compression necrosis like excess torque strain macrogeometry of implants implant design and methods to avoid compression necrosis.