Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Kratom-Containing Formulations of Ya-Gae-Bid-Na-Ron

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ya-Gae-Bid-Na-Ron (YGBNR).Material and Methods: YGBNR formulations were prepared using kratom collected from different provinces in Thailand. Mitragynine content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using colorimetric methods. Antioxidant power was estimated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of YGBNR were determined using a broth dilution technique and plating of the bacterial solution, respectively.Results: Mitragynine content, TPC, TTC, and TFC varied among different sources of kratom. DPPH assay indicated that YGBNR had an average IC50 of 0.44±0.04 mg/mL, and the FRAP assay ranged from 61.48±0.55 to 102.98±0.94 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), per gram of dry extract. YGBNR extracts did not exhibit any antibacterial activity. However, the volatile oil fraction showed MIC against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 3 mg/mL.Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis revealed the abundance of phenolic compounds in YGBNR. YGBNR exhibits promising antioxidant potential, but does not exert any antibacterial activity.