{"title":"武装冲突对埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷地区植被退化的影响","authors":"Solomon Hishe , Eskinder Gidey , Amanuel Zenebe , Woldeamlak Bewket , James Lyimo , Jasper Knight , Tsegay Gebretekle","doi":"10.1016/j.iswcr.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, over the last three decades have been relatively successful. However, an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation, either directly associated with conflict (environment, pollution, fire) or indirectly (agricultural abandonment). This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city, Tigray. Vegetation cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets for the years 2000, 2020, and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 software. These data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI). Based on the MNDVI, results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000–2020 by 179 km<sup>2</sup> or 2% of the area, whereas in the period 2020–2022, there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km<sup>2</sup> or 5% of the area. This was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation density. These vegetation changes in 2020–2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment, spread of weeds and scrub vegetation, or failure to harvest crops. Monitoring vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes, including potential food security risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48622,"journal":{"name":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633923000977/pdfft?md5=cf657cb5c622d750d7b62f30a9bcdf65&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633923000977-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The impacts of armed conflict on vegetation cover degradation in Tigray, northern Ethiopia\",\"authors\":\"Solomon Hishe , Eskinder Gidey , Amanuel Zenebe , Woldeamlak Bewket , James Lyimo , Jasper Knight , Tsegay Gebretekle\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.iswcr.2023.11.003\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, over the last three decades have been relatively successful. However, an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation, either directly associated with conflict (environment, pollution, fire) or indirectly (agricultural abandonment). This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city, Tigray. Vegetation cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets for the years 2000, 2020, and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 software. These data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI). Based on the MNDVI, results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000–2020 by 179 km<sup>2</sup> or 2% of the area, whereas in the period 2020–2022, there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km<sup>2</sup> or 5% of the area. This was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation density. These vegetation changes in 2020–2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment, spread of weeds and scrub vegetation, or failure to harvest crops. Monitoring vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes, including potential food security risks.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":48622,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Soil and Water Conservation Research\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-11-10\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633923000977/pdfft?md5=cf657cb5c622d750d7b62f30a9bcdf65&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633923000977-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Soil and Water Conservation Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633923000977\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Soil and Water Conservation Research","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633923000977","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
The impacts of armed conflict on vegetation cover degradation in Tigray, northern Ethiopia
Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, over the last three decades have been relatively successful. However, an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation, either directly associated with conflict (environment, pollution, fire) or indirectly (agricultural abandonment). This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city, Tigray. Vegetation cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets for the years 2000, 2020, and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 software. These data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI). Based on the MNDVI, results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000–2020 by 179 km2 or 2% of the area, whereas in the period 2020–2022, there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km2 or 5% of the area. This was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation density. These vegetation changes in 2020–2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment, spread of weeds and scrub vegetation, or failure to harvest crops. Monitoring vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes, including potential food security risks.
期刊介绍:
The International Soil and Water Conservation Research (ISWCR), the official journal of World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC) http://www.waswac.org, is a multidisciplinary journal of soil and water conservation research, practice, policy, and perspectives. It aims to disseminate new knowledge and promote the practice of soil and water conservation.
The scope of International Soil and Water Conservation Research includes research, strategies, and technologies for prediction, prevention, and protection of soil and water resources. It deals with identification, characterization, and modeling; dynamic monitoring and evaluation; assessment and management of conservation practice and creation and implementation of quality standards.
Examples of appropriate topical areas include (but are not limited to):
• Conservation models, tools, and technologies
• Conservation agricultural
• Soil health resources, indicators, assessment, and management
• Land degradation
• Sustainable development
• Soil erosion and its control
• Soil erosion processes
• Water resources assessment and management
• Watershed management
• Soil erosion models
• Literature review on topics related soil and water conservation research