The potential role of 3D-printed phantoms in quality control of artificial intelligence-based algorithms in medical imaging

Abstract To ensure accurate and consistent imaging of patients, medical imaging systems are controlled and tested using phantoms. Despite the availability of commercial standard phantoms for decades, 3D printing technology has gained special attention as a tool for producing accurate and costeffective tissue-mimicking phantoms. As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly prevalent in medical imaging, dedicated phantoms are needed for testing their reliability, robustness, and quality before they are implemented in clinical settings. In this context, 3D-printed imaging phantoms, which have specific requirements relevant to AI models, can play a crucial role. Due to its unique ability to create phantoms of almost any complexity, 3D printing technology seems a suitable approach for the quality control of AI models in medical imaging. The following reviews some of the works that used 3D-printed technology to create custom-built phantoms for use in Computed Tomography (CT), nuclear imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and ultrasound imaging. The focus of this short review is on the accuracy of 3D-printed technology in creating imaging phantoms. In the end, the potential of the 3D-printed phantoms in testing and quality control of AI-based algorithms in radiology is discussed.