东亚热带淡水对虾(Macrobrachium nipponense de Haan, 1849)在德尼斯特河流域条件下的越冬

P. Shekk, Yu. Astafurov
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Shrimps were kept in a RAS at the Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture of Odesa State Ecological University, where environmental parameters were maintained as close as possible to the conditions of wintering under natural conditions. In chronic experiments, the selectivity and effect of the composition of natural substrates and the thickness of the soil bed on shrimp survival were investigated. The selection and effectiveness of the shrimp’s use of above-ground shelters of various natural and anthropogenic origin for shrimp wintering was assessed depending on their physical condition (presence or absence of injuries). Shrimp for experiments were caught in October - November in the lower reaches of the Dniester River and the Dniester estuary. The location of mass wintering of shrimps was recorded using a GPS navigator. Findings. It was established that shrimp M. nipponense in natural conditions of the Lower Dniester river winters in aboveground shelters (of natural and anthropogenic origin) or by burrowing into the soil. The shrimp’s choice of aboveground shelters for wintering in natural conditions depended on their physical condition. Injured individuals (lost claws and limbs) preferred easily accessible aboveground shelters (sheaves of grass, flooded snags). Healthy individuals wintered in cracks between plant roots and stones. A significant part of shrimps overwintered in aboveground shelters of anthropogenic origin. The most complex and reliable aboveground shelters of natural origin were occupied by the least damaged shrimp individuals. More than 59% of shrimps are buried in the soil (soil shelters) for wintering. Healthy individuals prefer sandy soils or soils that contain sand. The highest yield of healthy shrimp overwintering was observed on sandy or sandy-gravel soils with a thicker soil layer. The depth of burial of shrimp depended on soil composition. It was the maximum in soils consisting of sand, sand-gravel mixture and chernozem or chernozem with inclusions of gravel. The survival of wintering individuals was inversely dependent on the depth of burial. The maximum yield of uninjured individuals from wintering was observed when they were buried in the soil, the minimum — when using aboveground shelters. The share of surviving injured shrimp in soil shelters decreased in proportion to the severity of the injury. Maximum survival of injured individuals was ensured by wintering in aboveground shelters. Originality. For the first time, the data of field observations on wintering of alien shrimp M. nipponense in the conditions of the Lower Dniester basin are presented. Locations and conditions of mass wintering in natural conditions have been established. As a result of experimental studies, an analysis of the selectivity and effectiveness of the use of soil and aboveground shelters of various natural and anthropogenic origins by shrimp during wintering, their selectivity depending on the physical condition of wintering individuals (presence or absence of injuries) is given. Practical value. In the conditions of progressive climatic changes, one of the urgent tasks is the acclimatization of promising objects of aquaculture in new natural ecosystems. The obtained results can be used for the development of methods of anthropogenic reproduction and controlled cultivation of shrimp M. nipponense in aquaculture in the south of Ukraine. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

目的。研究日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)在Lower Dniester流域自然条件下的越冬特性,并实验评价物理条件、土壤组成和防护林类型对越冬虾存活的影响。方法。本研究采用了2018-2020年进行的实地研究和实验研究的结果。对德涅斯特河下游自然条件下虾群越冬的地点和条件进行了研究。用直接计数法测定了越冬个体的丰度,并对越冬个体的生理状况进行了分析。对虾饲养在敖德萨国立生态大学水生生物资源与水产养殖实验室的RAS中,环境参数尽可能接近自然条件下的越冬条件。在慢性试验中,研究了天然基质组成和土壤厚度对对虾生存的选择性和影响。根据虾的身体状况(有无受伤),评估了虾使用各种自然和人为来源的地上庇护所过冬的选择和有效性。用于实验的虾于10 - 11月在德涅斯特河下游和德涅斯特河口捕获。使用GPS导航仪记录了虾群越冬的地点。发现。在德涅斯特河下游的自然条件下,日本虾在地上(自然的和人为的)的庇护所中过冬,或者在土壤中挖洞。虾在自然条件下选择地上的避难所过冬取决于它们的身体状况。受伤的个体(失去了爪子和四肢)更喜欢容易接近的地上庇护所(草堆,被水淹没的树枝)。健康的个体在植物根和石头之间的裂缝中过冬。相当一部分虾在人为的地上庇护所越冬。最复杂和最可靠的自然来源的地上庇护所是由受害最小的虾个体占据的。超过59%的虾被埋在土壤(土壤掩体)中过冬。健康的人更喜欢沙质土壤或含沙的土壤。在土层较厚的砂质或砂砾质土壤上,健康虾越冬产量最高。虾的埋藏深度与土壤成分有关。在由砂土、砂砾混合土和黑钙土或含砾石包裹体的黑钙土中,其含量最高。越冬个体的存活率与埋藏深度成反比。未受伤个体越冬产量最高的是埋在土壤中,最低的是使用地上掩体。在土壤掩体中幸存的受伤虾的比例与受伤的严重程度成正比。受伤个体的最大生存是通过在地上的避难所过冬来保证的。创意。本文首次报道了在德涅斯特河下游条件下外来对虾日本沼虾越冬的野外观测资料。自然条件下大规模越冬的地点和条件已经确定。作为实验研究的结果,分析了虾在越冬期间对各种自然和人为来源的土壤和地上庇护所的选择性和有效性,它们的选择性取决于越冬个体的身体状况(有无伤害)。实用价值。在气候渐进式变化的条件下,迫切的任务之一是使有前途的水产养殖对象适应新的自然生态系统。所得结果可用于乌克兰南部水产养殖中日本沼虾的人为繁殖和控制养殖方法的发展。关键词:德涅斯特河,日本沼虾,越冬,地上庇护所,地上庇护所,个体身体状况,生存
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Wintering of the eastern subtropical freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense de Haan, 1849) in the conditions of the Dnister River basin
Purpose. To study the characteristics of wintering of Macrobrachium nipponense in natural conditions of the Lower Dniester basin and experimental assessment of the effect of physical condition, soil composition and type of shelter on the survival of wintering shrimps. Methodology. The results of field and experimental studies conducted in 2018–2020 were used in the study. The locations and conditions of mass wintering of shrimps in natural conditions in the lower reaches of the Dniester River were studied. The abundance of wintering individuals was determined by the method of direct counting and their physical condition was analyzed. Shrimps were kept in a RAS at the Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture of Odesa State Ecological University, where environmental parameters were maintained as close as possible to the conditions of wintering under natural conditions. In chronic experiments, the selectivity and effect of the composition of natural substrates and the thickness of the soil bed on shrimp survival were investigated. The selection and effectiveness of the shrimp’s use of above-ground shelters of various natural and anthropogenic origin for shrimp wintering was assessed depending on their physical condition (presence or absence of injuries). Shrimp for experiments were caught in October - November in the lower reaches of the Dniester River and the Dniester estuary. The location of mass wintering of shrimps was recorded using a GPS navigator. Findings. It was established that shrimp M. nipponense in natural conditions of the Lower Dniester river winters in aboveground shelters (of natural and anthropogenic origin) or by burrowing into the soil. The shrimp’s choice of aboveground shelters for wintering in natural conditions depended on their physical condition. Injured individuals (lost claws and limbs) preferred easily accessible aboveground shelters (sheaves of grass, flooded snags). Healthy individuals wintered in cracks between plant roots and stones. A significant part of shrimps overwintered in aboveground shelters of anthropogenic origin. The most complex and reliable aboveground shelters of natural origin were occupied by the least damaged shrimp individuals. More than 59% of shrimps are buried in the soil (soil shelters) for wintering. Healthy individuals prefer sandy soils or soils that contain sand. The highest yield of healthy shrimp overwintering was observed on sandy or sandy-gravel soils with a thicker soil layer. The depth of burial of shrimp depended on soil composition. It was the maximum in soils consisting of sand, sand-gravel mixture and chernozem or chernozem with inclusions of gravel. The survival of wintering individuals was inversely dependent on the depth of burial. The maximum yield of uninjured individuals from wintering was observed when they were buried in the soil, the minimum — when using aboveground shelters. The share of surviving injured shrimp in soil shelters decreased in proportion to the severity of the injury. Maximum survival of injured individuals was ensured by wintering in aboveground shelters. Originality. For the first time, the data of field observations on wintering of alien shrimp M. nipponense in the conditions of the Lower Dniester basin are presented. Locations and conditions of mass wintering in natural conditions have been established. As a result of experimental studies, an analysis of the selectivity and effectiveness of the use of soil and aboveground shelters of various natural and anthropogenic origins by shrimp during wintering, their selectivity depending on the physical condition of wintering individuals (presence or absence of injuries) is given. Practical value. In the conditions of progressive climatic changes, one of the urgent tasks is the acclimatization of promising objects of aquaculture in new natural ecosystems. The obtained results can be used for the development of methods of anthropogenic reproduction and controlled cultivation of shrimp M. nipponense in aquaculture in the south of Ukraine. Key words: Dniester River, Macrobrachium nipponense, wintering, aboveground shelters, ground shelters, physical condition of individuals, survival.
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