游乐场上的不公平:漫长的19世纪法国巡回演艺界人士联合会

IF 0.5 2区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

Cultural & Social History Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI:10.1080/14780038.2023.2271197

Eva Andersen

{"title":"游乐场上的不公平:漫长的19世纪法国巡回演艺界人士联合会","authors":"Eva Andersen","doi":"10.1080/14780038.2023.2271197","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe article explores the historical significance and agency of itinerant showpeople, a marginalised and frequently overlooked community, in the late 19th century. Focusing on the French Chambre Syndicale Patronale des Voyageurs Forains (CSPVF) and its journal Le Voyageur Forain, this study sheds light on the struggle of showpeople to safeguard their economic interests, counter societal prejudices, and gain respectability in society. The CSPVF, Europe’s first employers’ association of this kind, played a pivotal role in supporting itinerant entrepreneurs. By analysing the CSPVF’s organisational structure, professional networks, and efforts at integration, the article underscores the socio-economic dynamics of the era and between individuals positioned at the perceived centre and periphery of society. Drawing on union periodicals, the study examines the CSPVF’s objectives and internal dynamics, the initiatives aimed at professionalising the itinerant showpeople’s trade and its influence on economic policies. Additionally, the research explores the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion encountered by showpeople within and outside their community and their strategies to combat stigmatisation while seeking respectability. By addressing these themes, the article contributes to a broader understanding of labour history, syndicalism, and the interplay of social identity and economic pressures in the itinerant entertainment industry during the late nineteenth century.KEYWORDS: Itinerant showpeoplefunfairstigmatisationemployers associationrespectability AcknowledgementI want to thank the two reviewers, and my colleagues Nele Wynants, Elisa Seghers, Ilja Van Damme and Hilde Greefs for their valuable feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Le Voyageur Forain (VF), 1883, no.1.2. Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie: magie foraine d’autrefois. (Liège: Pierre Mardaga, 1989), pp. 11–39; Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity: Community, Women and Language in Showland Society, from 1890 to the Present Day, 1997, Chapter 3; Nic Ulmi, ‘La Culture Du Champ de Foire’, 1995, pp. 18–26.3. Sofie Lachapelle, Conjuring Science: A History of Scientific Entertainment and Stage Magic in Modern France, 2015, pp. 3–12; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3.4. Kurt Vanhoutte and Nele Wynants, ‘Magie En Wetenschap in de spektakelcultuur van de Negentiende Eeuw: Henri Robin in de Lage Landen’, Tijdschrift Voor Mediageschiedenis 20, no. 2 (2017), pp. 37–38.5. VF, 1895, no.290.6. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 4; G. H Jansen, Een roes van vrijheid: kermis in Nederland (Meppel: Boom, 1987), pp. 66–68; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, pp. 28–29.7. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191; VF, 1893, no.234; Matthieu de Oliveira, ‘Négoce et territoire: les passeports nordistes au XIXe siècle (1791–1869)’, Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 48–2, no. 2–3 (2001), pp. 104–5.8. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191.9. Claire Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’, in Police et Migrants: France 1667–1939, ed. Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard et al., Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 365–88; Wim Willens and Leo Lucassen, ‘Roma’, in: Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, eds., Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present (Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 526–27; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, by Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998), pp. 11–12.10. See, e.g.: ‘Science at the Fair’, www.scifair.eu; Nele Wynants, ‘Wetenschap Op de Kermis. De Verspreiding van Technologie, Kennis En Spektakel in Belgische Provinciesteden Tijdens Het Fin-de-Siècle’, Volkskunde, no. 1 (2020), pp. 1–33; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; Most research on funfairs comes from outside academia, see e.g.: Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie.11. Literature on itinerant showpeople comes mainly from outside academia, e.g.: Jacques Garnier, Forains d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, un siècle d’histoire des forains, des fêtes et de la vie foraine. (Orléans, 1968); Max Rosseau, De boeiende geschiedenis van enkele kermisnijveraars en de Gentse foor (Gent: Drukkerij Sanderus, 1960); The only exception is Toulmin’s work: Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; see also on the lack of research: Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, 1.12. Becky Taylor and Jim Hinks, ‘What Field? Where? Bringing Gypsy, Roma and Traveller History into View’, Cultural and Social History 18, no. 5 (2021), pp. 629–50; Leo Lucassen and Wim Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies: Gypsies in Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and India, 1400–1914’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 26, no. 3 (2003). pp. 283–313; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998); Serge Jaumain, ‘Un Metier Oublie: Le Colporteur Dans La Belgique Du XIXe Siècle’, BTNG|RBHC XVI, no. 3–4 (1985), pp. 307–56.13. Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’; Leo Lucassen, ‘Eternal Vagrants? State Formation, Migration and Travelling Groups in Western Europe 1350–1914’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups; Leo Lucassen, ‘“Harmful Tramps”. Police Professionalization and Gypsies in Germany, 1700–1945’, Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 1, no. 1 (1997), pp. 29–50; Annemarie Cottaar and Wim Willems, ‘Justice or Injustice? A Survey of Government Policy towards Gypsies and Caravan Dwellers in Western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Immigrants & Minorities 11, no. 1 (1992), pp. 42–66.14. Mark Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining: The National Asylum Workers’ Union Magazine and the Print Culture of British Trade Unionism, ca. 1912–14’, Victorian Periodicals Review 54, no. 1 (2021), pp. 114–15; On the lacune of trade journals as source material see e.g.: Tony Grace, ‘The Trade-Union Press in Britain’, Media, Culture & Society 7, no. 2 (1985), p. 233; Arthur Marsh and J. G. Gillies, ‘Trade Union Journals Revisited’, Industrial Relations Journal 14, no. 2 (1983), pp. 52–53.15. Danièle Fraboulet, Quand les patrons s’organisent: Stratégies et pratiques de l’Union des industries métallurgiques et minières 1901–1950, Histoire et civilisations (Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2020), p. 17; Marie-Geneviève Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention Des Syndicalismes: Le Syndicalisme En Europe Occidentale à La Fin Du XIXe Siècle, ed. Friedhelm Boll, Antoine Prost, and Jean-Louis Robert (Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1997), pp. 255–68; J. A. McKenna and Richard G. Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion: Employers’ Associations and the Establishment of Industrial Order in the Building Industry of England and Wales, 1860–1914’, The Business History Review 59, no. 2 (1985), pp. 203–31; John Benson, The Penny Capitalists: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Entrepreneurs, 1983, pp. 2–3; Eric L. Wigham, The Power to Manage: A History of the Engineering Employers’ Federation (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 311.16. A. Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, 1st ed (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001), 4485; W. Streeck, ‘Labor Unions’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 8214; ‘Syndicalist Movement. Worldwide 1890s-1920s’, Neil Schlager, ed., Saint James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact., vol. 1 (Detroit: St. James Press, 2004), pp. 283–84; Jacob H. (Jacob Harry) Hollander, Studies in American Trade Unionism (New York, H. Holt and Co., 1912), pp. 185–217.17. The entertainment industry or itinerant showpeople are not mentioned in reference works such as Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. Recently some sedentary entertainment industry associations have been investigated: Martin Cloonan, ‘Negotiating Needletime: The Musicians’ Union, the BBC and the Record Companies, c. 1920–1990’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), pp. 353–74; Martin Cloonan and Matt Brennan, ‘Alien Invasions: The British Musicians’ Union and Foreign Musicians’, Popular Music 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 277–95; Angèle David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States: On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Transnational Militant Transfers in an International Industry’, Labour History Review 74, no. 3 (2009), pp. 288–304; Marie-Ange Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes: du groupement associatif à la création d’un syndicat des artistes interprètes’, in Syndicats et associations: Concurrence ou complémentarité?, ed. Danielle Tartakowsky and Françoise Tétard, Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 55–65; Christophe Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’, Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle. Société d’histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siècle, no. 34 (1 June 2007), pp. 71–104; Benson, The Penny Capitalists, pp. 65–68.18. Woodruff D. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map and Public Discourse in the Nineteenth Century, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2017), pp. 1–2 and 106.19. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 60, 88, 128–29, 171–73, 175.20. E.g: surgeons, pharmacists, engineers, factory-workers, the police, cigarmakers, printers, and musicians. See: Thomas Brante, ‘The Professional Landscape: The Historical Development of Professions in Sweden’, Professions and Professionalism 3, no. 2 (2013); Maria Malatesta, Professional Men, Professional Women: The European Professions from the 19th Century until Today (SAGE, 2010); David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, pp. 295–96.21. Keith Mann, Forging Political Identity: Silk and Metal Workers in Lyon, France 1900–1939, 1 (Berghahn Books, 2010), pp. 34–35.22. Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, 1:ix – x; Pierre Karila-Cohen and Blaise Wilfert-Portal, Leçon d’histoire Sur Le Syndicalisme En France (Paris, 1998), pp. 14–15 and pp. 43–44; Michel Dreyfus et al., ‘Les bases multiples du syndicalisme au xixe siècle en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention des syndicalismes, pp. 269–84.23. VF, 1895, no.283; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, p. 2.24. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–29; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.25. VF, 1883, no.1, VF, 1883, no.3.26. VF, 1881, no.1.27. VF 1883, no.2.28. Possibly the owner of wax museum Buiron. He was not a member but had a subscription.29. VF 1890, no.11.30. VF, 1894, no.260.31. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’, Süddeutscher Schaustellerverband, accessed 12/06/2023, http://sueddeutscher-schaustellerverband.de/die-anfange-1882–1890/.32. ‘Schaustellerverband Berlin e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.schaustellerverband-berlin.de/schaustellerverband-volksfeste.html; Hamburger Abendblatt- Hamburg, ‘Schaustellerverband Hamburg von 1884 e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.abendblatt.de/adv/winterdom/article107593299/Schaustellerverband-Hamburg-von-1884-e-V.html.33. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’.34. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3 and 4.35. Franco Della Peruta and Elvira Cantarella, Bibliografia dei periodici economici lombardi: 1815–1914 (FrancoAngeli, 2005), pp.171–72; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, p. 128; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, 39–40.; VF, 1894, no.236.36. The only exception is Vanessa Toulmin’s work on the British Showmen’s Guild: Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4. I have a book chapter planned on these various associations.37. Le Temp, 23/04/1887; VF 1889 no86; VF, 1894, no.268; Charles Malato, Les forains (Paris: Gaston Doin, 1925), p. 295.38. VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1904, no.752.39. Some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ such as joyrides, cinema and photography booths (8%).40. As some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ (23%).41. L’Avenir Forain 1904, no.1 ; VF, 1904, no.752; Comète Belge, 01/06/1913.42. VF 1891, no142.43. VF, 1885, no18; VF, 1885, no21; VF, 1885, no28; VF, 1886, no.30; VF, 1886, no.33; VF, 1892, no.169.44. It is unclear if this number contains owners and all their personnel.45. CSPVF’s active membership grew gradually from 154 in 1883 to around 290 in the 1890s and back to 260 in the early 1900s. The membership lists in the VF were published irregularly and seem to not always have been complete. See e.g.: VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1892, no.169; VF, 1892, no.175; VF, 1895, no.287; VF 1904, no.753.46. Vincent Cardon and Mathieu Grégoire, ‘Les syndicats du spectacle et le placement dans l’entre-deux-guerres’, Le Mouvement Social 243, no. 2 (2013): 21; Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes’; Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’.47. Mann, Forging Political Identity, pp. 34–35; Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining’, p. 115.48. Research on employers’ associations is very limited in comparison with that on labour unions. See e.g.: Neil H Ritson, ‘Employer Associations: Collective Bargaining, Services and Power in Historical Perspective: The Case of the EEF in the UK’, Labor History 61, no. 3–4 (2020), p. 286; Michael Barry and Adrian Wilkinson, ‘Reconceptualising Employer Associations under Evolving Employment Relations: Countervailing Power Revisited’, Work, Employment and Society 25, no. 1 (2011), pp. 150–52; Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, 4485–88; Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’; Arthur J. McIvor, Organised Capital: Employers’ Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 15–16; McKenna and Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion’, 204; Wigham, The Power to Manage, p. 311; Jean-Louis Robert, Antoine Prost, and Chris Wrigley, eds., The Emergence of European Trade Unionism (New York: Routledge, 2018), Trade unions and socialism; Richard W. Gable, ‘Birth of an Employers’ Association’, Business History Review 33, no. 4 (ed 1959), pp. 537–39.49. VF, 1883, no.1.50. David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, 289, 295 en 300.51. VF, 1911, no.1137. Another example is: VF,1894, no.274.52. VF, 1895, no.283.53. VF, 1889, no.86; VF, 1904, no.771; VF, 1904, no.782.54. VF, 1890, no.115.55. VF 1888, no.63.56. VF, 1892, no.175–177.57. Robert, Prost, and Wrigley, The Emergence of European Trade Unionism, Trade unions and socialism.58. VF, 1892, no.175–176; VF, 1894, no.238.59. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 72.60. VF, 1891, no.141.61. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map.62. VF, 1885, no.19.63. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1884, no.5; Le Temps, 23/04/1887, no.9484.64. VF, 1899, no.514.65. Eva Andersen, ‘A Republic of Alienists? A Transnational Perspective on Psychiatric Knowledge Circulation across Europe (1843–1925)’ (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 2021), pp. 87–88; Hilde Greefs, ‘Clubs as Vehicles for Inclusion in the Urban Fabric? Immigrants and Elitist Associational Practices in Antwerp, 1795–1830’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), p. 382.66. VF, 1892, no.169 supplément.67. VF, 1886, no.32; VF, 1887, no.54; VF, 1889 no.100; VF, 1890, no. 118–124; VF, 1890, no.127; VF, 1894, no.273–278.68. A small percentage of women was CSPVF member. An article on the role of women entrepreneurs with Nele Wynants is forthcoming.69. VF, 1890, no.117.70. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1885, no.21; VF, 1885, no.25; VF, 1889, no.95; VF, 1889, no.98; VF 1889, no.102; VF, 1890, no.106; VF, 1890, no.110; VF, 1890, no.114; VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1890, no.121; VF, 1891, no.142; VF, 1899, no.517.71. VF, 1885, no.21.72. VF, 1891, no.139.73. ‘Othering’, Steve Bruce and Steven Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology (London: SAGE, 2006), pp. 22–23.74. Lucassen and Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies’, p. 290.75. VF, 1892, no.176.76. Le petit parisien, 20/02/1911.77. Thomas Acton, Gypsy Politics and Social Change: The Development of Ethnic Ideology and Pressure Politics among British Gypsies from Victorian Reformism to Romany Nationalism, International Library of Sociology (London: Routledge, 1974), pp. 78–80; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–30; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.78. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 31.79. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, pp. 141–42.80. ‘Saltimbanque’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré: dictionnaire universel encyclopédique, vol. 7 (Paris: Larousse, 1898), p. 509; ‘Bateleur’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré, vol. 1, 774; ‘Charlatan’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré:, vol. 2, p. 704.81. VF, 1884, no.8.82. VF, 1884, no.8; VF, 1886, no.30.83. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, in Encounters in the Victorian Press: Editors, Authors, Readers, ed. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 1–2.84. David Cressy, Gypsies: An English History, First edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), ‘The Eye of the Press’ (ebook); Jodie Matthews, ‘Mobilising the Imperial Uncanny: Nineteenth-Century Textual Attitudes to Travelling Romani People, Canal-Boat People, Showpeople and Hop-Pickers in Britain’, Nineteenth-Century Contexts 37, no. 4 (2015), pp. 365.85. VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1894, no.245; La Dépêche de Brest, 28/07/1893.86. Gil Blas, 15/01/1894.87. Brake and Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, pp. 1–2.88. Le Petit républicain du Midi, 31/08/1902; Le Petit républicain du Midi, 16/09/1902.89. VF, 1889, no.104; VF, 1884, no.16; VF, 1887, no.41; Jean-François Tétu, ‘L’illustration de la presse au xixe siècle’, Semen. Revue de sémio-linguistique des textes et discours, no. 25 (2008).90. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.91. ‘Othering’, Bruce and Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology, pp. 22–23.92. VF, 1887, no.54.93. VF, 1887, no.54.94. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 68.95. Journal du Loiret, 31/05/1891; VF, 1891, no.141–143.96. VF, 1891, no.142.97. VF, 1891, no.143; Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.98. Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.99. VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.158.100. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 4.101. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.102. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 116; Harry Oosterhuis, ‘Cycling, Modernity and National Culture’, Social History 41, no. 3 (2016), pp. 233–48.103. VF, 1893, no.210; VF, 1894, no.247; L’Intransigeant 1894, no.4995; Le vélo, 1893, no.500.104. VF, 1893, no.210.105. VF, 1885, no.20; VF, 1888, no.61; VF, 1891, no.152; VF, 1900, no.553–554.106. VF, 1885, no.20.107. VF, 1903, no.742.108. e.g. VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1887, no. 41; VF, 1888, no.58; VF, 1889, no.90; VF, 1891, no. 137.109. VF, 1885, no.26.110. VF, 1911, no.1146; Le Petit Parisien, 20/02/1911; Christophe Delclitte, ‘La catégorie juridique «nomade» dans la loi de 1912’, Hommes & Migrations 1188, no. 1 (1995), pp. 23–30; Emmanuel Filhol, ‘Le discours républicain sur les «nomades» (1908–1912): les cas d’Étienne Flandin et de Marc Réville’, Ethnologie française 48, no. 4 (2018), pp. 687–98.111. Robert Schwartz, Ian Gregory, and Thomas Thevenin, ‘Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42 (2011), pp. 59 and 64–65.112. VF 1892, no.164.113. La Dépêche: journal quotidien, 04/02/1887.114. e.g.: VF, 1881, no.1. The word ‘chemins de fer’ is present 2515 times across 773 issues while the word ‘voyageur forain’ is present 4837 times and is overrepresented due to it being part of the syndicate’s and journal’s name. Application: AntConc.115. VF, 1903, no.751; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1892, no.164.116. VF 1885, no.20; VF1886, no.29; VF 1886, no.33.117. VF, 1887, no. 41–43; 1892, no164; VF, 1892, no. 162. VF, 1902, no.683–684; VF, 1892, no. 162.118. VF, 1890, no.116–122; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.162; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1903, no.726; VF, 1903, no.732.119. VF, 1890, no.129; VF, 1891, no.145.120. VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1905, no.807; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.144; VF, 1891, no.146; Émile Pianet, Tarifs généraux et spéciaux concernant les transports par chemins de fer du matériel forain (Morand, 1898).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the European Research Council [948678].Notes on contributorsEva AndersenEva Andersen is a postdoctoral researcher on the EU-funded project ‘Science at the Fair: Performing Knowledge and Technology in Western Europe, 1850-1914’ (www.scifair.eu). Her current research focuses on the social and professional networks of itinerant showpeople and explores the various social and practical aspects of their profession. She obtained her PhD in history at the Center for Contemporary and Digital History at the University of Luxembourg. Her areas of expertise and research interests are the history of knowledge, history of science and digital history.","PeriodicalId":45240,"journal":{"name":"Cultural & Social History","volume":"57 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Unfairness at the Funfair: The French Syndicate for Travelling Showpeople in the Long Nineteenth Century\",\"authors\":\"Eva Andersen\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/14780038.2023.2271197\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACTThe article explores the historical significance and agency of itinerant showpeople, a marginalised and frequently overlooked community, in the late 19th century. Focusing on the French Chambre Syndicale Patronale des Voyageurs Forains (CSPVF) and its journal Le Voyageur Forain, this study sheds light on the struggle of showpeople to safeguard their economic interests, counter societal prejudices, and gain respectability in society. The CSPVF, Europe’s first employers’ association of this kind, played a pivotal role in supporting itinerant entrepreneurs. By analysing the CSPVF’s organisational structure, professional networks, and efforts at integration, the article underscores the socio-economic dynamics of the era and between individuals positioned at the perceived centre and periphery of society. Drawing on union periodicals, the study examines the CSPVF’s objectives and internal dynamics, the initiatives aimed at professionalising the itinerant showpeople’s trade and its influence on economic policies. Additionally, the research explores the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion encountered by showpeople within and outside their community and their strategies to combat stigmatisation while seeking respectability. By addressing these themes, the article contributes to a broader understanding of labour history, syndicalism, and the interplay of social identity and economic pressures in the itinerant entertainment industry during the late nineteenth century.KEYWORDS: Itinerant showpeoplefunfairstigmatisationemployers associationrespectability AcknowledgementI want to thank the two reviewers, and my colleagues Nele Wynants, Elisa Seghers, Ilja Van Damme and Hilde Greefs for their valuable feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Le Voyageur Forain (VF), 1883, no.1.2. Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie: magie foraine d’autrefois. (Liège: Pierre Mardaga, 1989), pp. 11–39; Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity: Community, Women and Language in Showland Society, from 1890 to the Present Day, 1997, Chapter 3; Nic Ulmi, ‘La Culture Du Champ de Foire’, 1995, pp. 18–26.3. Sofie Lachapelle, Conjuring Science: A History of Scientific Entertainment and Stage Magic in Modern France, 2015, pp. 3–12; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3.4. Kurt Vanhoutte and Nele Wynants, ‘Magie En Wetenschap in de spektakelcultuur van de Negentiende Eeuw: Henri Robin in de Lage Landen’, Tijdschrift Voor Mediageschiedenis 20, no. 2 (2017), pp. 37–38.5. VF, 1895, no.290.6. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 4; G. H Jansen, Een roes van vrijheid: kermis in Nederland (Meppel: Boom, 1987), pp. 66–68; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, pp. 28–29.7. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191; VF, 1893, no.234; Matthieu de Oliveira, ‘Négoce et territoire: les passeports nordistes au XIXe siècle (1791–1869)’, Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 48–2, no. 2–3 (2001), pp. 104–5.8. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191.9. Claire Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’, in Police et Migrants: France 1667–1939, ed. Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard et al., Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 365–88; Wim Willens and Leo Lucassen, ‘Roma’, in: Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, eds., Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present (Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 526–27; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, by Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998), pp. 11–12.10. See, e.g.: ‘Science at the Fair’, www.scifair.eu; Nele Wynants, ‘Wetenschap Op de Kermis. De Verspreiding van Technologie, Kennis En Spektakel in Belgische Provinciesteden Tijdens Het Fin-de-Siècle’, Volkskunde, no. 1 (2020), pp. 1–33; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; Most research on funfairs comes from outside academia, see e.g.: Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie.11. Literature on itinerant showpeople comes mainly from outside academia, e.g.: Jacques Garnier, Forains d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, un siècle d’histoire des forains, des fêtes et de la vie foraine. (Orléans, 1968); Max Rosseau, De boeiende geschiedenis van enkele kermisnijveraars en de Gentse foor (Gent: Drukkerij Sanderus, 1960); The only exception is Toulmin’s work: Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; see also on the lack of research: Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, 1.12. Becky Taylor and Jim Hinks, ‘What Field? Where? Bringing Gypsy, Roma and Traveller History into View’, Cultural and Social History 18, no. 5 (2021), pp. 629–50; Leo Lucassen and Wim Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies: Gypsies in Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and India, 1400–1914’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 26, no. 3 (2003). pp. 283–313; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998); Serge Jaumain, ‘Un Metier Oublie: Le Colporteur Dans La Belgique Du XIXe Siècle’, BTNG|RBHC XVI, no. 3–4 (1985), pp. 307–56.13. Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’; Leo Lucassen, ‘Eternal Vagrants? State Formation, Migration and Travelling Groups in Western Europe 1350–1914’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups; Leo Lucassen, ‘“Harmful Tramps”. Police Professionalization and Gypsies in Germany, 1700–1945’, Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 1, no. 1 (1997), pp. 29–50; Annemarie Cottaar and Wim Willems, ‘Justice or Injustice? A Survey of Government Policy towards Gypsies and Caravan Dwellers in Western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Immigrants & Minorities 11, no. 1 (1992), pp. 42–66.14. Mark Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining: The National Asylum Workers’ Union Magazine and the Print Culture of British Trade Unionism, ca. 1912–14’, Victorian Periodicals Review 54, no. 1 (2021), pp. 114–15; On the lacune of trade journals as source material see e.g.: Tony Grace, ‘The Trade-Union Press in Britain’, Media, Culture & Society 7, no. 2 (1985), p. 233; Arthur Marsh and J. G. Gillies, ‘Trade Union Journals Revisited’, Industrial Relations Journal 14, no. 2 (1983), pp. 52–53.15. Danièle Fraboulet, Quand les patrons s’organisent: Stratégies et pratiques de l’Union des industries métallurgiques et minières 1901–1950, Histoire et civilisations (Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2020), p. 17; Marie-Geneviève Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention Des Syndicalismes: Le Syndicalisme En Europe Occidentale à La Fin Du XIXe Siècle, ed. Friedhelm Boll, Antoine Prost, and Jean-Louis Robert (Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1997), pp. 255–68; J. A. McKenna and Richard G. Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion: Employers’ Associations and the Establishment of Industrial Order in the Building Industry of England and Wales, 1860–1914’, The Business History Review 59, no. 2 (1985), pp. 203–31; John Benson, The Penny Capitalists: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Entrepreneurs, 1983, pp. 2–3; Eric L. Wigham, The Power to Manage: A History of the Engineering Employers’ Federation (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 311.16. A. Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, 1st ed (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001), 4485; W. Streeck, ‘Labor Unions’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 8214; ‘Syndicalist Movement. Worldwide 1890s-1920s’, Neil Schlager, ed., Saint James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact., vol. 1 (Detroit: St. James Press, 2004), pp. 283–84; Jacob H. (Jacob Harry) Hollander, Studies in American Trade Unionism (New York, H. Holt and Co., 1912), pp. 185–217.17. The entertainment industry or itinerant showpeople are not mentioned in reference works such as Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. Recently some sedentary entertainment industry associations have been investigated: Martin Cloonan, ‘Negotiating Needletime: The Musicians’ Union, the BBC and the Record Companies, c. 1920–1990’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), pp. 353–74; Martin Cloonan and Matt Brennan, ‘Alien Invasions: The British Musicians’ Union and Foreign Musicians’, Popular Music 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 277–95; Angèle David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States: On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Transnational Militant Transfers in an International Industry’, Labour History Review 74, no. 3 (2009), pp. 288–304; Marie-Ange Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes: du groupement associatif à la création d’un syndicat des artistes interprètes’, in Syndicats et associations: Concurrence ou complémentarité?, ed. Danielle Tartakowsky and Françoise Tétard, Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 55–65; Christophe Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’, Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle. Société d’histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siècle, no. 34 (1 June 2007), pp. 71–104; Benson, The Penny Capitalists, pp. 65–68.18. Woodruff D. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map and Public Discourse in the Nineteenth Century, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2017), pp. 1–2 and 106.19. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 60, 88, 128–29, 171–73, 175.20. E.g: surgeons, pharmacists, engineers, factory-workers, the police, cigarmakers, printers, and musicians. See: Thomas Brante, ‘The Professional Landscape: The Historical Development of Professions in Sweden’, Professions and Professionalism 3, no. 2 (2013); Maria Malatesta, Professional Men, Professional Women: The European Professions from the 19th Century until Today (SAGE, 2010); David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, pp. 295–96.21. Keith Mann, Forging Political Identity: Silk and Metal Workers in Lyon, France 1900–1939, 1 (Berghahn Books, 2010), pp. 34–35.22. Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, 1:ix – x; Pierre Karila-Cohen and Blaise Wilfert-Portal, Leçon d’histoire Sur Le Syndicalisme En France (Paris, 1998), pp. 14–15 and pp. 43–44; Michel Dreyfus et al., ‘Les bases multiples du syndicalisme au xixe siècle en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention des syndicalismes, pp. 269–84.23. VF, 1895, no.283; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, p. 2.24. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–29; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.25. VF, 1883, no.1, VF, 1883, no.3.26. VF, 1881, no.1.27. VF 1883, no.2.28. Possibly the owner of wax museum Buiron. He was not a member but had a subscription.29. VF 1890, no.11.30. VF, 1894, no.260.31. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’, Süddeutscher Schaustellerverband, accessed 12/06/2023, http://sueddeutscher-schaustellerverband.de/die-anfange-1882–1890/.32. ‘Schaustellerverband Berlin e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.schaustellerverband-berlin.de/schaustellerverband-volksfeste.html; Hamburger Abendblatt- Hamburg, ‘Schaustellerverband Hamburg von 1884 e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.abendblatt.de/adv/winterdom/article107593299/Schaustellerverband-Hamburg-von-1884-e-V.html.33. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’.34. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3 and 4.35. Franco Della Peruta and Elvira Cantarella, Bibliografia dei periodici economici lombardi: 1815–1914 (FrancoAngeli, 2005), pp.171–72; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, p. 128; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, 39–40.; VF, 1894, no.236.36. The only exception is Vanessa Toulmin’s work on the British Showmen’s Guild: Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4. I have a book chapter planned on these various associations.37. Le Temp, 23/04/1887; VF 1889 no86; VF, 1894, no.268; Charles Malato, Les forains (Paris: Gaston Doin, 1925), p. 295.38. VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1904, no.752.39. Some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ such as joyrides, cinema and photography booths (8%).40. As some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ (23%).41. L’Avenir Forain 1904, no.1 ; VF, 1904, no.752; Comète Belge, 01/06/1913.42. VF 1891, no142.43. VF, 1885, no18; VF, 1885, no21; VF, 1885, no28; VF, 1886, no.30; VF, 1886, no.33; VF, 1892, no.169.44. It is unclear if this number contains owners and all their personnel.45. CSPVF’s active membership grew gradually from 154 in 1883 to around 290 in the 1890s and back to 260 in the early 1900s. The membership lists in the VF were published irregularly and seem to not always have been complete. See e.g.: VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1892, no.169; VF, 1892, no.175; VF, 1895, no.287; VF 1904, no.753.46. Vincent Cardon and Mathieu Grégoire, ‘Les syndicats du spectacle et le placement dans l’entre-deux-guerres’, Le Mouvement Social 243, no. 2 (2013): 21; Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes’; Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’.47. Mann, Forging Political Identity, pp. 34–35; Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining’, p. 115.48. Research on employers’ associations is very limited in comparison with that on labour unions. See e.g.: Neil H Ritson, ‘Employer Associations: Collective Bargaining, Services and Power in Historical Perspective: The Case of the EEF in the UK’, Labor History 61, no. 3–4 (2020), p. 286; Michael Barry and Adrian Wilkinson, ‘Reconceptualising Employer Associations under Evolving Employment Relations: Countervailing Power Revisited’, Work, Employment and Society 25, no. 1 (2011), pp. 150–52; Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, 4485–88; Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’; Arthur J. McIvor, Organised Capital: Employers’ Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 15–16; McKenna and Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion’, 204; Wigham, The Power to Manage, p. 311; Jean-Louis Robert, Antoine Prost, and Chris Wrigley, eds., The Emergence of European Trade Unionism (New York: Routledge, 2018), Trade unions and socialism; Richard W. Gable, ‘Birth of an Employers’ Association’, Business History Review 33, no. 4 (ed 1959), pp. 537–39.49. VF, 1883, no.1.50. David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, 289, 295 en 300.51. VF, 1911, no.1137. Another example is: VF,1894, no.274.52. VF, 1895, no.283.53. VF, 1889, no.86; VF, 1904, no.771; VF, 1904, no.782.54. VF, 1890, no.115.55. VF 1888, no.63.56. VF, 1892, no.175–177.57. Robert, Prost, and Wrigley, The Emergence of European Trade Unionism, Trade unions and socialism.58. VF, 1892, no.175–176; VF, 1894, no.238.59. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 72.60. VF, 1891, no.141.61. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map.62. VF, 1885, no.19.63. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1884, no.5; Le Temps, 23/04/1887, no.9484.64. VF, 1899, no.514.65. Eva Andersen, ‘A Republic of Alienists? A Transnational Perspective on Psychiatric Knowledge Circulation across Europe (1843–1925)’ (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 2021), pp. 87–88; Hilde Greefs, ‘Clubs as Vehicles for Inclusion in the Urban Fabric? Immigrants and Elitist Associational Practices in Antwerp, 1795–1830’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), p. 382.66. VF, 1892, no.169 supplément.67. VF, 1886, no.32; VF, 1887, no.54; VF, 1889 no.100; VF, 1890, no. 118–124; VF, 1890, no.127; VF, 1894, no.273–278.68. A small percentage of women was CSPVF member. An article on the role of women entrepreneurs with Nele Wynants is forthcoming.69. VF, 1890, no.117.70. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1885, no.21; VF, 1885, no.25; VF, 1889, no.95; VF, 1889, no.98; VF 1889, no.102; VF, 1890, no.106; VF, 1890, no.110; VF, 1890, no.114; VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1890, no.121; VF, 1891, no.142; VF, 1899, no.517.71. VF, 1885, no.21.72. VF, 1891, no.139.73. ‘Othering’, Steve Bruce and Steven Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology (London: SAGE, 2006), pp. 22–23.74. Lucassen and Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies’, p. 290.75. VF, 1892, no.176.76. Le petit parisien, 20/02/1911.77. Thomas Acton, Gypsy Politics and Social Change: The Development of Ethnic Ideology and Pressure Politics among British Gypsies from Victorian Reformism to Romany Nationalism, International Library of Sociology (London: Routledge, 1974), pp. 78–80; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–30; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.78. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 31.79. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, pp. 141–42.80. ‘Saltimbanque’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré: dictionnaire universel encyclopédique, vol. 7 (Paris: Larousse, 1898), p. 509; ‘Bateleur’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré, vol. 1, 774; ‘Charlatan’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré:, vol. 2, p. 704.81. VF, 1884, no.8.82. VF, 1884, no.8; VF, 1886, no.30.83. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, in Encounters in the Victorian Press: Editors, Authors, Readers, ed. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 1–2.84. David Cressy, Gypsies: An English History, First edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), ‘The Eye of the Press’ (ebook); Jodie Matthews, ‘Mobilising the Imperial Uncanny: Nineteenth-Century Textual Attitudes to Travelling Romani People, Canal-Boat People, Showpeople and Hop-Pickers in Britain’, Nineteenth-Century Contexts 37, no. 4 (2015), pp. 365.85. VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1894, no.245; La Dépêche de Brest, 28/07/1893.86. Gil Blas, 15/01/1894.87. Brake and Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, pp. 1–2.88. Le Petit républicain du Midi, 31/08/1902; Le Petit républicain du Midi, 16/09/1902.89. VF, 1889, no.104; VF, 1884, no.16; VF, 1887, no.41; Jean-François Tétu, ‘L’illustration de la presse au xixe siècle’, Semen. Revue de sémio-linguistique des textes et discours, no. 25 (2008).90. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.91. ‘Othering’, Bruce and Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology, pp. 22–23.92. VF, 1887, no.54.93. VF, 1887, no.54.94. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 68.95. Journal du Loiret, 31/05/1891; VF, 1891, no.141–143.96. VF, 1891, no.142.97. VF, 1891, no.143; Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.98. Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.99. VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.158.100. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 4.101. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.102. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 116; Harry Oosterhuis, ‘Cycling, Modernity and National Culture’, Social History 41, no. 3 (2016), pp. 233–48.103. VF, 1893, no.210; VF, 1894, no.247; L’Intransigeant 1894, no.4995; Le vélo, 1893, no.500.104. VF, 1893, no.210.105. VF, 1885, no.20; VF, 1888, no.61; VF, 1891, no.152; VF, 1900, no.553–554.106. VF, 1885, no.20.107. VF, 1903, no.742.108. e.g. VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1887, no. 41; VF, 1888, no.58; VF, 1889, no.90; VF, 1891, no. 137.109. VF, 1885, no.26.110. VF, 1911, no.1146; Le Petit Parisien, 20/02/1911; Christophe Delclitte, ‘La catégorie juridique «nomade» dans la loi de 1912’, Hommes & Migrations 1188, no. 1 (1995), pp. 23–30; Emmanuel Filhol, ‘Le discours républicain sur les «nomades» (1908–1912): les cas d’Étienne Flandin et de Marc Réville’, Ethnologie française 48, no. 4 (2018), pp. 687–98.111. Robert Schwartz, Ian Gregory, and Thomas Thevenin, ‘Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42 (2011), pp. 59 and 64–65.112. VF 1892, no.164.113. La Dépêche: journal quotidien, 04/02/1887.114. e.g.: VF, 1881, no.1. The word ‘chemins de fer’ is present 2515 times across 773 issues while the word ‘voyageur forain’ is present 4837 times and is overrepresented due to it being part of the syndicate’s and journal’s name. Application: AntConc.115. VF, 1903, no.751; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1892, no.164.116. VF 1885, no.20; VF1886, no.29; VF 1886, no.33.117. VF, 1887, no. 41–43; 1892, no164; VF, 1892, no. 162. VF, 1902, no.683–684; VF, 1892, no. 162.118. VF, 1890, no.116–122; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.162; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1903, no.726; VF, 1903, no.732.119. VF, 1890, no.129; VF, 1891, no.145.120. VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1905, no.807; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.144; VF, 1891, no.146; Émile Pianet, Tarifs généraux et spéciaux concernant les transports par chemins de fer du matériel forain (Morand, 1898).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the European Research Council [948678].Notes on contributorsEva AndersenEva Andersen is a postdoctoral researcher on the EU-funded project ‘Science at the Fair: Performing Knowledge and Technology in Western Europe, 1850-1914’ (www.scifair.eu). Her current research focuses on the social and professional networks of itinerant showpeople and explores the various social and practical aspects of their profession. She obtained her PhD in history at the Center for Contemporary and Digital History at the University of Luxembourg. Her areas of expertise and research interests are the history of knowledge, history of science and digital history.\",\"PeriodicalId\":45240,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Cultural & Social History\",\"volume\":\"57 12\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-10-24\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Cultural & Social History\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2023.2271197\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"历史学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"HISTORY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Cultural & Social History","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2023.2271197","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HISTORY","Score":null,"Total":0}

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摘要

摘要本文探讨了19世纪末被边缘化、经常被忽视的游艺家群体的历史意义和作用。这项研究的重点是法国航海家联合会(CSPVF)及其杂志《航海家论坛》(Le Voyageur Forain)，它揭示了航海家为维护自己的经济利益、对抗社会偏见和赢得社会尊重而进行的斗争。CSPVF是欧洲第一个此类雇主协会，在支持流动企业家方面发挥了关键作用。通过分析CSPVF的组织结构、专业网络和整合努力，文章强调了这个时代的社会经济动态，以及位于社会中心和边缘的个人之间的动态。该研究利用工会期刊，审查了该基金的目标和内部动态、旨在使巡回演出人员的贸易专业化的举措及其对经济政策的影响。此外，该研究还探讨了演艺人员在社区内外遇到的包容和排斥机制，以及他们在寻求尊重的同时对抗污名化的策略。通过解决这些主题，本文有助于更广泛地理解劳工历史，工团主义，以及19世纪后期流动娱乐业中社会身份和经济压力的相互作用。致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。《旅行者》，1883年，第1.2期。瓦隆村的穆斯海姆斯，瓦隆村的佛瑞斯和佛瑞斯:瓦隆村的佛瑞斯和佛瑞斯。(法语:Pierre Mardaga, 1989)，第11-39页;凡妮莎·图尔敏:《无俗的趣味:1890年至今的Showland社会中的社区、女性与语言》，1997年第3章;Nic Ulmi，“La Culture Du Champ de Foire”，1995,pp. 18-26.3。Sofie Lachapelle，《变魔术:现代法国科学娱乐和舞台魔术的历史》，2015年，第3-12页;图尔敏:《无俗之乐》第3.4章。Kurt Vanhoutte和Nele Wynants，“Magie En Wetenschap in de - spektaktakelculture van de Negentiende Eeuw: Henri Robin in de Lage Landen”，Tijdschrift Voor mediageschiedeneni，第20期。2 (2017)， pp. 37-38.5。VF, 1895，第290.6号。图尔敏:《无俗之乐》第四章;G. H . Jansen, Een roes van vrijheid: kermis in netherlands (Meppel: Boom, 1987)，第66-68页;mus<s:1> de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en wallonne，第28-29.7页。VF, 1893，第187期;VF, 1893，第191期;VF, 1893，第234期;Matthieu de Oliveira，“nsamuice et territoire: les pasports nordistes au XIXe si<e:1>(1791-1869)”，《现当代历史评论》第48-2期。2-3(2001)，第104-5.8页。VF, 1893，第187期;VF, 1893年，第191.9号。克莱尔·扎尔克，“Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants <e:1> Paris(1912-1940)”，见《警察与移民:法国1667-1939》，Marie-Claude blanc - chal<s:1>等人编，Histoire(雷恩:雷恩大学出版社，2015)，第365-88页;维姆·威伦斯和里奥·卢卡森，《罗马》，收录于:马修·j·吉布尼和兰德尔·汉森主编。，《移民与庇护:从1900年至今》(加州圣巴巴拉:ABC-CLIO, 2005)，第526-27页;里奥·卢卡森、维姆·威廉姆斯和安玛丽·科塔尔，《吉普赛人和其他流动群体的介绍》，里奥·卢卡森、维姆·威廉姆斯和安玛丽·科塔尔著(伦敦:帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦英国出版社，1998年)，第11-12.10页。例如:“科学博览会”，www.scifair.eu;Nele Wynants, Wetenschap Op de Kermis。De verspreding van technology, Kennis En Spektakel in belgium province - esteden Tijdens Het fin - De - si<e:1> '， Volkskunde, no。1 (2020)， pp. 1 - 33;图尔敏:不粗俗的趣味;大多数关于游乐场的研究来自学术界之外，例如:mus<s:1> de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en wallonie。关于巡回演出者的文献主要来自学术界以外，如:Jacques Garnier, Forains d 'hier et d 'aujourd 'hui, unsi<e:1> d 'histoire des Forains, des fêtes et de la vie foraine等。奥尔良(1968);马克思·罗索:《论社会的本质》，《论社会的本质》(出版于1960年);唯一的例外是图尔敏的作品:凡妮莎·图尔敏的《无俗的乐趣》;另见关于缺乏研究:Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar，“Introduction”，1.12。贝基·泰勒和吉姆·欣克斯，《什么领域?》在哪里?《吉卜赛人、罗姆人和游民的历史》，《文化与社会历史》，第18期。5 (2021)， pp. 629-50;Leo Lucassen和Wim Willems，《秩序良好的社会的弱点:西欧、奥斯曼帝国和印度的吉普赛人，1400-1914》，《评论》(费尔南·布罗代尔中心)26期。3(2003)。页。 283 - 313;Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems和Annemarie Cottaar，吉普赛人和其他流动群体(伦敦:Palgrave Macmillan, 1998);Serge Jaumain，“Un Metier Oublie: Le Colporteur Dans La Belgique Du XIXe si<e:1>”，BTNG|RBHC 16, no。3-4(1985)，第307-56.13页。Zalc，《Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, nomnomades, Forains and Ambulants <e:1> Paris(1912-1940)》;里奥·卢卡森《永恒的流浪者》西欧国家的形成、移民和旅行团体(1350-1914)，吉普赛人和其他流动团体;里奥·卢卡森，“有害的流浪汉”。德国的警察专业化和吉普赛人，1700-1945年，犯罪，历史与社会，犯罪，历史与社会，第1期。1(1997)，第29-50页;安妮玛丽·科塔尔和维姆·威廉姆斯，《正义还是不正义?》《19世纪和20世纪西欧政府对吉普赛人和篷车居民的政策调查》，《移民与少数民族》第11期。1(1992)，第42-66.14页。马克·纽恩多夫，《保持光明:全国庇护工人工会杂志和英国工会主义的印刷文化，约1912-14年》，《维多利亚期刊评论》54期，第2期。1 (2021)， pp. 114-15;关于行业期刊作为原始材料的缺失，请参见:托尼·格雷斯，“英国的工会出版社”，媒体，文化与社会7，第7期。2(1985)，第233页;Arthur Marsh和J. G. Gillies，“工会期刊重访”，《劳资关系杂志》第14期，第2期。2(1983)，第52-53.15页。丹尼尔·弗拉布雷:《组织:工业联盟的组织与实践:1901-1950年的组织与实践》，《文明史》(维伦纽夫·阿斯科:法国高等教育出版社，2020年)，第17页;marie - genevive dez<e:1>等人，“赞助人与辛迪加(La Fin Du Xixe si<e:1> En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne”，载于《辛迪加发明:Le Syndicalisme En Europe Occidentale La Fin Du Xixe si<e:1>》，Friedhelm Boll, Antoine Prost, and Jean-Louis Robert编(巴黎:Éditions de La Sorbonne, 1997)， pp. 255-68;J. A.麦肯纳和理查德·G.罗杰，《强制控制:1860-1914年英格兰和威尔士建筑业中雇主协会和工业秩序的建立》，《商业历史评论》第59期。2(1985)，第203-31页;约翰·本森:《便士资本家:19世纪工人阶级企业家研究》，1983年，第2-3页;Eric L. Wigham，《管理的力量:工程雇主联合会的历史》(伦敦:Macmillan出版社，1973)，第311.16页。A. Martinelli，“雇主协会”，收录于《国际社会与行为科学百科全书》，Neil J. Smelser和Paul B. Baltes主编，第一版(阿姆斯特丹:Elsevier, 2001)， 4485;W. Streeck，“工会”，载于《国际社会与行为科学百科全书》，8214;工团主义者运动。世界范围内的1890年代至1920年代，尼尔·施拉格，编辑，世界范围内的圣詹姆斯劳动历史百科全书:劳动历史上的重大事件及其影响。，卷1(底特律:圣詹姆斯出版社，2004年)，第283-84页;Jacob H. (Jacob Harry) Hollander，《美国工会主义研究》(纽约，H. Holt and Co.， 1912)，第185-217.17页。在诸如Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide等参考书中没有提到娱乐行业或巡回表演人员。最近，一些久坐不动的娱乐行业协会被调查了:马丁·克鲁南，“谈判需要的时间:音乐家联盟，BBC和唱片公司，c. 1920-1990”，《社会历史》第41期。4 (2016)， pp. 353-74;马丁·克鲁南和马特·布伦南，《外星人入侵:英国音乐家联盟和外国音乐家》，《流行音乐》第32期，第2期。2 (2013)， pp. 277-95;安格尔·大卫·吉鲁，《英国、法国和美国的早期音乐家工会:论国际工业中跨国激进转移的可能性与不可能性》，《劳动历史评论》74期，第2期。3 (2009)， pp. 288-304;Marie-Ange Rauch，“艺术家联盟:du grouement associationsla crassation d ' un syndicat des artists interprires”，载于Syndicats et associations: conconance ou complimentarit<e:1> ?丹尼尔·塔塔科夫斯基和弗朗索瓦兹·塔姆斯塔德主编，《历史》(雷恩:雷恩大学出版社，2015年)，第55-65页;克里斯托夫·查尔斯，《资产阶级艺术家》。演员和演员在欧洲和西方都是“十九世纪法国大革命”，《十九世纪法国大革命历史评论》。《1848年的社会与职业生涯的变革》，第19期。34(2007年6月1日)，第71-104页;本森，《便士资本家》，第65-68.18页。伍德拉夫·d·史密斯:《作为19世纪道德地图和公共话语的尊重》，第一版(劳特利奇出版社，2017)，第1-2页和第106.19页。Lucassen, Willems和Cottaar，《吉普赛人和其他流动群体》，第60、88、128-29、171-73、175.20页。例如:外科医生、药剂师、工程师、工厂工人、警察、雪茄制造商、印刷商和音乐家。参见:Thomas Brante，“职业景观:瑞典职业的历史发展”，《职业与专业》第3期。2 (2013);玛丽亚·马拉泰斯塔:《职业男性，职业女性:19世纪至今的欧洲职业》(SAGE, 2010);David-Guillou，“英国，法国和美国的早期音乐家工会”，第295-96.21页。Keith Mann，锻造政治认同:1900-1939年法国里昂的丝绸和金属工人，1 (Berghahn Books, 2010)，第34-35.22页。Schlager，圣詹姆斯世界劳动历史百科全书，1:ix - x;Pierre Karila-Cohen和Blaise Wilfert-Portal，《法国工会主义的历史分析》(巴黎，1998)，第14-15页和第43-44页;Michel Dreyfus等人，《Les bases multiples du syndicalisme au xixe si<e:1> cle en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne》，载于《syndicalismes的发明》，第269-84.23页。VF, 1895，第283期;Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar，《导论》，第2.24页。Lucassen, Willems和Cottaar，吉普赛人和其他流动群体，第128-29页;图尔敏，《无俗之乐》，第三章，第4.25节。VF, 1883, no。1, VF, 1883，第3.26期。VF, 1881，第1.27期。VF 1883，第2.28号。可能是布伦蜡像馆的主人。他不是会员，但他是会员。VF 1890，第11.30期。VF, 1894，第260.31号。《Die Anfänge: 1882-1890》，sddeutscher Schaustellerverband, 2023年6月12日访问http://sueddeutscher-schaustellerverband.de/die-anfange-1882 -1890 /.32。Schaustellerverband Berlin e.v.。， 2023年6月12日访问，https://www.schaustellerverband-berlin.de/schaustellerverband-volksfeste.html;汉堡Abendblatt-汉堡，' Schaustellerverband Hamburg von 1884 e.v '。， 2023年6月12日访问，网址:https://www.abendblatt.de/adv/winterdom/article107593299/Schaustellerverband-Hamburg-von-1884-e-V.html.33。'死亡Anfänge: 1882-1890 '。图尔敏，《无俗之乐》，第三章，第4.35页。Franco Della Peruta和Elvira Cantarella, Bibliografia dei periodici economici lombardi: 1815-1914 (FrancoAngeli, 2005)， pp.171-72;Lucassen, Willems和Cottaar，吉普赛人和其他流动群体，第128页;mus<s:1> de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en wallonne, 39-40;VF, 1894，第236.36期。唯一的例外是Vanessa Toulmin在英国演艺界的作品:Toulmin, Fun without庸俗，第三章和第四章。关于这些不同的联想，我在书中准备了一章。Le Temp, 1887年4月23日;VF 1889 no86;VF, 1894，第268期;查尔斯·马拉托，《起源》(巴黎:加斯顿·多因出版社，1925)，第295.38页。VF, 1883, no.1;VF, 1904，第752.39号。有些景点很难划分为小型/大型银行。剩下的景点被标记为“未知/其他”，如兜风、电影院和摄影亭(8%)。因为有些景点很难划分为小/大银行。其余景点被标记为“未知/其他”(23%)。L 'Avenir Forain 1904, no。1;VF, 1904, 752号;比利时委员会，1913.42年6月1日。VF 1891，编号142.43。VF, 1885, no . 18;VF, 1885，第21期;VF, 1885, no . 28;VF, 1886年，第30期;VF, 1886年，第33期;VF, 1892，第169.44期。目前还不清楚这个数字是否包括业主及其所有员工。CSPVF的活跃会员从1883年的154名逐渐增加到19世纪90年代的290名左右，再到20世纪初的260名。VF的成员名单不定期公布，似乎并不总是完整的。参见:VF, 1883, no.1;VF, 1892，第169期;VF, 1892，第175期;VF, 1895，第287期;VF 1904, 753.46号。Vincent Cardon和Mathieu gramegoire，“Les syndicats du spectacle et le placement dans l’entre-deux guerres”，《社会运动》243期，第2期。2 (2013): 21;劳赫，《艺术家联盟》;查理，“资产阶级艺术家”。演员和演员在欧洲和西方都是如此。《锻造政治认同》，第34-35页;纽恩多夫，《保持光亮》，第115.48页。与对工会的研究相比，对雇主协会的研究非常有限。参见:Neil H Ritson，“雇主协会:历史视角下的集体谈判、服务和权力:以英国的EEF为例”，《劳动历史》第61期。3-4(2020)，第286页;Michael Barry和Adrian Wilkinson，“在不断发展的雇佣关系下重新定义雇主协会:重新审视抵消力量”，《工作、就业与社会》，第25期。1 (2011)， pp. 150-52;Martinelli，“雇主协会”，4485-88;dezires et al.， ' Patronat et Syndicats La Fin Du Xixe si<e:1> En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne ';Arthur J. mccivor，有组织的资本:雇主协会和工业关系在英格兰北部，1880-1939(剑桥:剑桥大学出版社，1996)，第15-16页;麦肯纳和罗杰，《强制控制》，2004;《管理的力量》，第311页;Jean-Louis Robert, Antoine Prost和Chris Wrigley编。《欧洲工会主义的兴起》(纽约:劳特利奇出版社，2018)，《工会与社会主义》;Richard W. Gable，《雇主协会的诞生》，《商业历史评论》第33期。4(1959年版)，第537-39.49页。VF, 1883，第1.50期。 David-Guillou，“英国，法国和美国的早期音乐家工会”，289,295和300.51。VF, 1911，第1137号。另一个例子是:VF,1894, no.274.52。VF, 1895，第283.53期。VF, 1889年，第86期;VF, 1904, no.771;VF, 1904，第782.54号。VF, 1890，第115.55期。VF 1888，第63.56号。VF, 1892，第175 - 177.57号。罗伯特，普罗斯特，瑞格利，《欧洲工会主义的出现，工会与社会主义》58。VF, 1892年，第175 - 176期;VF, 1894，第238.59号。史密斯，《作为道德地图的体面》，72.60页。VF, 1891，第141.61号。《作为道德地图的体面》，第62页。VF, 1885，第19.63期。VF, 1883, no.4;VF, 1884，第5期;《时代》，1887年4月23日，第9484.64期。VF, 1899, no.514.65。伊娃·安德森，《异族共和国?》《跨欧洲精神病学知识流通的跨国视角(1843-1925)》(卢森堡大学，卢森堡，2021)，第87-88页;Hilde Greefs，《俱乐部作为融入城市结构的工具?》“安特卫普的移民和精英团体实践，1795-1830”，《社会历史》第41期。4 (2016)， p. 382.66。VF, 1892，不是。169 supplement.67。VF, 1886年，第32期;VF, 1887，第54期;VF, 1889年第100期;VF, 1890年，不是。118 - 124;VF, 1890，第127期;VF, 1894，第273 - 278.68号。只有一小部分妇女是家庭和家庭基金的成员。即将与Nele Wynants就妇女企业家的作用发表一篇文章。VF, 1890，第117.70期。VF, 1883, no.4;VF, 1885, 18号;VF, 1885，第21期;VF, 1885，第25期;VF, 1889年，第95期;VF, 1889年，第98期;VF 1889, 102号;VF, 1890，第106期;VF, 1890，第110期;VF, 1890，第114期;VF, 1890，第117期;VF, 1890，第121期;VF, 1891，第142期;VF, 1899, no.517.71。VF, 1885，第21.72期。VF, 1891，第139.73号。“他者”，Steve Bruce和Steven Yearley，《Sage社会学词典》(伦敦:Sage, 2006)，第22-23.74页。Lucassen and Willems，《有序社会的弱点》，第290.75页。VF, 1892，第176.76号。《小巴黎人》，1911.77年2月20日。托马斯·阿克顿:《吉普赛人政治与社会变革:从维多利亚时代的改良主义到罗姆民族主义，英国吉普赛人的民族意识形态和压力政治的发展》，《国际社会学图书馆》(伦敦:劳特利奇出版社，1974年)，第78-80页;Lucassen, Willems和Cottaar，吉普赛人和其他流动群体，第128-30页;图尔敏，《无俗之乐》，第三章，第4.78页。《作为道德地图的体面》，第31.79页。《作为道德地图的体面》，第141-42.80页。“Saltimbanque”。皮埃尔·拉鲁斯和克劳德·奥格格，《新拉鲁斯插图》:《宇宙百科全书全书》，第七卷(巴黎:拉鲁斯，1898年)，第509页;“短尾鹰”。皮埃尔·拉鲁斯和克劳德·奥格格，《新拉鲁斯插图》，第1774卷;“江湖骗子”。皮埃尔·拉鲁斯和克劳德·奥格格，《新拉鲁斯插图》，第二卷，第704.81页。VF, 1884，第8.82期。VF, 1884，第8号;VF, 1886年，第30.83期。劳雷尔·布雷克和朱莉·f·科德尔，“导言:遇到新闻界”，在维多利亚时代的新闻遭遇:编辑，作者，读者，编辑。劳雷尔·布雷克和朱莉·f·科德尔，19世纪写作和文化帕尔格雷夫研究(贝辛斯托克:帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦，2005年)，第1-2.84页。大卫·克雷西，《吉普赛人:一部英国历史》，第一版(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2018)，《出版社之眼》(电子书);Jodie Matthews，《调动帝国的神秘:19世纪对英国旅行的罗姆人、运河船民、表演者和捡酒花者的文本态度》，《19世纪语境》第37期。4 (2015)， pp. 365.85。VF, 1890，第117期;VF, 1892，第164期;VF, 1894，第245期;La Dépêche de Brest, 28/07/1893.86。吉尔·布拉斯，1894.87年1月15日布雷克和科德尔，《导论:与新闻界相遇》，第1-2.88页。Le Petit remicpublicain du Midi, 31/08/1902;Le Petit remicpublicain du Midi, 1989年9月16日。VF, 1889年，第104期;VF, 1884，第16期;VF, 1887，第41期;jean - franois tassutu， < < <插图> >，法国。《文本与话语语言学评论》，第2期。25(2008) .90。小上马尔奈，1906.18。“他者”，布鲁斯和耶利，《圣人社会学词典》，第22-23.92页。VF, 1887，第54.93号。VF, 1887，第54.94期。《作为道德地图的可敬性》，第68.95页。Journal du Loiret, 1891年5月31日;VF, 1891, no.141-143.96。VF, 1891，第142.97期。VF, 1891，第143期;《卢瓦雷学报》，13/01/1892.98。《卢瓦雷学报》，13/01/1892.99。VF, 1892，第157期;VF, 1892，第158.100号。图尔敏，《无俗之乐》，第4.101章。小马尔奈，18/06/1906.102。史密斯，《可敬作为道德地图》，116页;Harry Oosterhuis，“自行车、现代性与民族文化”，《社会历史》第41期，no。3 (2016)， pp. 233-48.103。VF, 1893，第210期;VF, 1894，第247期;《顽固》1894，第4995期;[j] .农业学报，1993，第500.104期。VF, 1893，第210.105期。VF, 1885，第20期;VF, 1888，第61期;VF, 1891年，第152期;VF, 1900, no.553-554.106。VF, 1885，第20.107期。VF, 1903, 742.108号。例如VF, 1885, no.18;VF, 1887年，不是。41;VF, 1888，第58期;VF, 1889年，第90期;1891年，没有。137.109. VF, 1885，第26期110。VF, 1911, no.1146;《小巴黎人》，1911年2月20日;克里斯托夫·德尔克利特，《1912年的法律》，《Hommes & Migrations》，第1188期。

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Unfairness at the Funfair: The French Syndicate for Travelling Showpeople in the Long Nineteenth Century

ABSTRACTThe article explores the historical significance and agency of itinerant showpeople, a marginalised and frequently overlooked community, in the late 19th century. Focusing on the French Chambre Syndicale Patronale des Voyageurs Forains (CSPVF) and its journal Le Voyageur Forain, this study sheds light on the struggle of showpeople to safeguard their economic interests, counter societal prejudices, and gain respectability in society. The CSPVF, Europe’s first employers’ association of this kind, played a pivotal role in supporting itinerant entrepreneurs. By analysing the CSPVF’s organisational structure, professional networks, and efforts at integration, the article underscores the socio-economic dynamics of the era and between individuals positioned at the perceived centre and periphery of society. Drawing on union periodicals, the study examines the CSPVF’s objectives and internal dynamics, the initiatives aimed at professionalising the itinerant showpeople’s trade and its influence on economic policies. Additionally, the research explores the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion encountered by showpeople within and outside their community and their strategies to combat stigmatisation while seeking respectability. By addressing these themes, the article contributes to a broader understanding of labour history, syndicalism, and the interplay of social identity and economic pressures in the itinerant entertainment industry during the late nineteenth century.KEYWORDS: Itinerant showpeoplefunfairstigmatisationemployers associationrespectability AcknowledgementI want to thank the two reviewers, and my colleagues Nele Wynants, Elisa Seghers, Ilja Van Damme and Hilde Greefs for their valuable feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Le Voyageur Forain (VF), 1883, no.1.2. Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie: magie foraine d’autrefois. (Liège: Pierre Mardaga, 1989), pp. 11–39; Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity: Community, Women and Language in Showland Society, from 1890 to the Present Day, 1997, Chapter 3; Nic Ulmi, ‘La Culture Du Champ de Foire’, 1995, pp. 18–26.3. Sofie Lachapelle, Conjuring Science: A History of Scientific Entertainment and Stage Magic in Modern France, 2015, pp. 3–12; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3.4. Kurt Vanhoutte and Nele Wynants, ‘Magie En Wetenschap in de spektakelcultuur van de Negentiende Eeuw: Henri Robin in de Lage Landen’, Tijdschrift Voor Mediageschiedenis 20, no. 2 (2017), pp. 37–38.5. VF, 1895, no.290.6. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 4; G. H Jansen, Een roes van vrijheid: kermis in Nederland (Meppel: Boom, 1987), pp. 66–68; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, pp. 28–29.7. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191; VF, 1893, no.234; Matthieu de Oliveira, ‘Négoce et territoire: les passeports nordistes au XIXe siècle (1791–1869)’, Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine 48–2, no. 2–3 (2001), pp. 104–5.8. VF, 1893, no.187; VF, 1893, no.191.9. Claire Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’, in Police et Migrants: France 1667–1939, ed. Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard et al., Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 365–88; Wim Willens and Leo Lucassen, ‘Roma’, in: Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, eds., Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present (Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 526–27; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, by Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998), pp. 11–12.10. See, e.g.: ‘Science at the Fair’, www.scifair.eu; Nele Wynants, ‘Wetenschap Op de Kermis. De Verspreiding van Technologie, Kennis En Spektakel in Belgische Provinciesteden Tijdens Het Fin-de-Siècle’, Volkskunde, no. 1 (2020), pp. 1–33; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; Most research on funfairs comes from outside academia, see e.g.: Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie.11. Literature on itinerant showpeople comes mainly from outside academia, e.g.: Jacques Garnier, Forains d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, un siècle d’histoire des forains, des fêtes et de la vie foraine. (Orléans, 1968); Max Rosseau, De boeiende geschiedenis van enkele kermisnijveraars en de Gentse foor (Gent: Drukkerij Sanderus, 1960); The only exception is Toulmin’s work: Vanessa Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity; see also on the lack of research: Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, 1.12. Becky Taylor and Jim Hinks, ‘What Field? Where? Bringing Gypsy, Roma and Traveller History into View’, Cultural and Social History 18, no. 5 (2021), pp. 629–50; Leo Lucassen and Wim Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies: Gypsies in Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and India, 1400–1914’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 26, no. 3 (2003). pp. 283–313; Leo Lucassen, Wim Willems, and Annemarie Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998); Serge Jaumain, ‘Un Metier Oublie: Le Colporteur Dans La Belgique Du XIXe Siècle’, BTNG|RBHC XVI, no. 3–4 (1985), pp. 307–56.13. Zalc, ‘Contrôler et Surveiller Le Commerce Migrant, Nomades, Forains et Ambulants à Paris (1912–1940)’; Leo Lucassen, ‘Eternal Vagrants? State Formation, Migration and Travelling Groups in Western Europe 1350–1914’, in Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups; Leo Lucassen, ‘“Harmful Tramps”. Police Professionalization and Gypsies in Germany, 1700–1945’, Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 1, no. 1 (1997), pp. 29–50; Annemarie Cottaar and Wim Willems, ‘Justice or Injustice? A Survey of Government Policy towards Gypsies and Caravan Dwellers in Western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Immigrants & Minorities 11, no. 1 (1992), pp. 42–66.14. Mark Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining: The National Asylum Workers’ Union Magazine and the Print Culture of British Trade Unionism, ca. 1912–14’, Victorian Periodicals Review 54, no. 1 (2021), pp. 114–15; On the lacune of trade journals as source material see e.g.: Tony Grace, ‘The Trade-Union Press in Britain’, Media, Culture & Society 7, no. 2 (1985), p. 233; Arthur Marsh and J. G. Gillies, ‘Trade Union Journals Revisited’, Industrial Relations Journal 14, no. 2 (1983), pp. 52–53.15. Danièle Fraboulet, Quand les patrons s’organisent: Stratégies et pratiques de l’Union des industries métallurgiques et minières 1901–1950, Histoire et civilisations (Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2020), p. 17; Marie-Geneviève Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention Des Syndicalismes: Le Syndicalisme En Europe Occidentale à La Fin Du XIXe Siècle, ed. Friedhelm Boll, Antoine Prost, and Jean-Louis Robert (Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1997), pp. 255–68; J. A. McKenna and Richard G. Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion: Employers’ Associations and the Establishment of Industrial Order in the Building Industry of England and Wales, 1860–1914’, The Business History Review 59, no. 2 (1985), pp. 203–31; John Benson, The Penny Capitalists: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Entrepreneurs, 1983, pp. 2–3; Eric L. Wigham, The Power to Manage: A History of the Engineering Employers’ Federation (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 311.16. A. Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, 1st ed (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001), 4485; W. Streeck, ‘Labor Unions’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 8214; ‘Syndicalist Movement. Worldwide 1890s-1920s’, Neil Schlager, ed., Saint James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact., vol. 1 (Detroit: St. James Press, 2004), pp. 283–84; Jacob H. (Jacob Harry) Hollander, Studies in American Trade Unionism (New York, H. Holt and Co., 1912), pp. 185–217.17. The entertainment industry or itinerant showpeople are not mentioned in reference works such as Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. Recently some sedentary entertainment industry associations have been investigated: Martin Cloonan, ‘Negotiating Needletime: The Musicians’ Union, the BBC and the Record Companies, c. 1920–1990’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), pp. 353–74; Martin Cloonan and Matt Brennan, ‘Alien Invasions: The British Musicians’ Union and Foreign Musicians’, Popular Music 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 277–95; Angèle David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States: On the Possibilities and Impossibilities of Transnational Militant Transfers in an International Industry’, Labour History Review 74, no. 3 (2009), pp. 288–304; Marie-Ange Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes: du groupement associatif à la création d’un syndicat des artistes interprètes’, in Syndicats et associations: Concurrence ou complémentarité?, ed. Danielle Tartakowsky and Françoise Tétard, Histoire (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015), pp. 55–65; Christophe Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’, Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle. Société d’histoire de la révolution de 1848 et des révolutions du XIXe siècle, no. 34 (1 June 2007), pp. 71–104; Benson, The Penny Capitalists, pp. 65–68.18. Woodruff D. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map and Public Discourse in the Nineteenth Century, 1st ed. (Routledge, 2017), pp. 1–2 and 106.19. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 60, 88, 128–29, 171–73, 175.20. E.g: surgeons, pharmacists, engineers, factory-workers, the police, cigarmakers, printers, and musicians. See: Thomas Brante, ‘The Professional Landscape: The Historical Development of Professions in Sweden’, Professions and Professionalism 3, no. 2 (2013); Maria Malatesta, Professional Men, Professional Women: The European Professions from the 19th Century until Today (SAGE, 2010); David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, pp. 295–96.21. Keith Mann, Forging Political Identity: Silk and Metal Workers in Lyon, France 1900–1939, 1 (Berghahn Books, 2010), pp. 34–35.22. Schlager, St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, 1:ix – x; Pierre Karila-Cohen and Blaise Wilfert-Portal, Leçon d’histoire Sur Le Syndicalisme En France (Paris, 1998), pp. 14–15 and pp. 43–44; Michel Dreyfus et al., ‘Les bases multiples du syndicalisme au xixe siècle en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne’, in L’invention des syndicalismes, pp. 269–84.23. VF, 1895, no.283; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, ‘Introduction’, p. 2.24. Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–29; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.25. VF, 1883, no.1, VF, 1883, no.3.26. VF, 1881, no.1.27. VF 1883, no.2.28. Possibly the owner of wax museum Buiron. He was not a member but had a subscription.29. VF 1890, no.11.30. VF, 1894, no.260.31. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’, Süddeutscher Schaustellerverband, accessed 12/06/2023, http://sueddeutscher-schaustellerverband.de/die-anfange-1882–1890/.32. ‘Schaustellerverband Berlin e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.schaustellerverband-berlin.de/schaustellerverband-volksfeste.html; Hamburger Abendblatt- Hamburg, ‘Schaustellerverband Hamburg von 1884 e.v’., accessed 12/06/2023, https://www.abendblatt.de/adv/winterdom/article107593299/Schaustellerverband-Hamburg-von-1884-e-V.html.33. ‘Die Anfänge: 1882–1890’.34. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, Chapter 3 and 4.35. Franco Della Peruta and Elvira Cantarella, Bibliografia dei periodici economici lombardi: 1815–1914 (FrancoAngeli, 2005), pp.171–72; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, p. 128; Musée de la vie wallonne, Foires et forains en Wallonie, 39–40.; VF, 1894, no.236.36. The only exception is Vanessa Toulmin’s work on the British Showmen’s Guild: Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4. I have a book chapter planned on these various associations.37. Le Temp, 23/04/1887; VF 1889 no86; VF, 1894, no.268; Charles Malato, Les forains (Paris: Gaston Doin, 1925), p. 295.38. VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1904, no.752.39. Some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ such as joyrides, cinema and photography booths (8%).40. As some attractions are difficult to label into petite/grande banque. The remaining attractions are labelled ‘Unknown/other’ (23%).41. L’Avenir Forain 1904, no.1 ; VF, 1904, no.752; Comète Belge, 01/06/1913.42. VF 1891, no142.43. VF, 1885, no18; VF, 1885, no21; VF, 1885, no28; VF, 1886, no.30; VF, 1886, no.33; VF, 1892, no.169.44. It is unclear if this number contains owners and all their personnel.45. CSPVF’s active membership grew gradually from 154 in 1883 to around 290 in the 1890s and back to 260 in the early 1900s. The membership lists in the VF were published irregularly and seem to not always have been complete. See e.g.: VF, 1883, no.1; VF, 1892, no.169; VF, 1892, no.175; VF, 1895, no.287; VF 1904, no.753.46. Vincent Cardon and Mathieu Grégoire, ‘Les syndicats du spectacle et le placement dans l’entre-deux-guerres’, Le Mouvement Social 243, no. 2 (2013): 21; Rauch, ‘L’Union des Artistes’; Charle, ‘Des artistes en bourgeoisie. Acteurs et actrices en Europe occidentale au xixe siècle’.47. Mann, Forging Political Identity, pp. 34–35; Neuendorf, ‘Keeping the Light Shining’, p. 115.48. Research on employers’ associations is very limited in comparison with that on labour unions. See e.g.: Neil H Ritson, ‘Employer Associations: Collective Bargaining, Services and Power in Historical Perspective: The Case of the EEF in the UK’, Labor History 61, no. 3–4 (2020), p. 286; Michael Barry and Adrian Wilkinson, ‘Reconceptualising Employer Associations under Evolving Employment Relations: Countervailing Power Revisited’, Work, Employment and Society 25, no. 1 (2011), pp. 150–52; Martinelli, ‘Employers’ Associations’, 4485–88; Dezès et al., ‘Patronat et Syndicats à La Fin Du Xixe Siècle En Allemagne, En France et En Grande-Bretagne’; Arthur J. McIvor, Organised Capital: Employers’ Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 15–16; McKenna and Rodger, ‘Control by Coercion’, 204; Wigham, The Power to Manage, p. 311; Jean-Louis Robert, Antoine Prost, and Chris Wrigley, eds., The Emergence of European Trade Unionism (New York: Routledge, 2018), Trade unions and socialism; Richard W. Gable, ‘Birth of an Employers’ Association’, Business History Review 33, no. 4 (ed 1959), pp. 537–39.49. VF, 1883, no.1.50. David-Guillou, ‘Early Musicians’ Unions in Britain, France, and the United States’, 289, 295 en 300.51. VF, 1911, no.1137. Another example is: VF,1894, no.274.52. VF, 1895, no.283.53. VF, 1889, no.86; VF, 1904, no.771; VF, 1904, no.782.54. VF, 1890, no.115.55. VF 1888, no.63.56. VF, 1892, no.175–177.57. Robert, Prost, and Wrigley, The Emergence of European Trade Unionism, Trade unions and socialism.58. VF, 1892, no.175–176; VF, 1894, no.238.59. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 72.60. VF, 1891, no.141.61. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map.62. VF, 1885, no.19.63. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1884, no.5; Le Temps, 23/04/1887, no.9484.64. VF, 1899, no.514.65. Eva Andersen, ‘A Republic of Alienists? A Transnational Perspective on Psychiatric Knowledge Circulation across Europe (1843–1925)’ (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 2021), pp. 87–88; Hilde Greefs, ‘Clubs as Vehicles for Inclusion in the Urban Fabric? Immigrants and Elitist Associational Practices in Antwerp, 1795–1830’, Social History 41, no. 4 (2016), p. 382.66. VF, 1892, no.169 supplément.67. VF, 1886, no.32; VF, 1887, no.54; VF, 1889 no.100; VF, 1890, no. 118–124; VF, 1890, no.127; VF, 1894, no.273–278.68. A small percentage of women was CSPVF member. An article on the role of women entrepreneurs with Nele Wynants is forthcoming.69. VF, 1890, no.117.70. VF, 1883, no.4; VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1885, no.21; VF, 1885, no.25; VF, 1889, no.95; VF, 1889, no.98; VF 1889, no.102; VF, 1890, no.106; VF, 1890, no.110; VF, 1890, no.114; VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1890, no.121; VF, 1891, no.142; VF, 1899, no.517.71. VF, 1885, no.21.72. VF, 1891, no.139.73. ‘Othering’, Steve Bruce and Steven Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology (London: SAGE, 2006), pp. 22–23.74. Lucassen and Willems, ‘The Weakness of Well-Ordered Societies’, p. 290.75. VF, 1892, no.176.76. Le petit parisien, 20/02/1911.77. Thomas Acton, Gypsy Politics and Social Change: The Development of Ethnic Ideology and Pressure Politics among British Gypsies from Victorian Reformism to Romany Nationalism, International Library of Sociology (London: Routledge, 1974), pp. 78–80; Lucassen, Willems, and Cottaar, Gypsies and Other Itinerant Groups, pp. 128–30; Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 3 and 4.78. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 31.79. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, pp. 141–42.80. ‘Saltimbanque’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré: dictionnaire universel encyclopédique, vol. 7 (Paris: Larousse, 1898), p. 509; ‘Bateleur’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré, vol. 1, 774; ‘Charlatan’. Pierre Larousse and Claude Augé, Nouveau Larousse illustré:, vol. 2, p. 704.81. VF, 1884, no.8.82. VF, 1884, no.8; VF, 1886, no.30.83. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, in Encounters in the Victorian Press: Editors, Authors, Readers, ed. Laurel Brake and Julie F. Codell, Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 1–2.84. David Cressy, Gypsies: An English History, First edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), ‘The Eye of the Press’ (ebook); Jodie Matthews, ‘Mobilising the Imperial Uncanny: Nineteenth-Century Textual Attitudes to Travelling Romani People, Canal-Boat People, Showpeople and Hop-Pickers in Britain’, Nineteenth-Century Contexts 37, no. 4 (2015), pp. 365.85. VF, 1890, no.117; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1894, no.245; La Dépêche de Brest, 28/07/1893.86. Gil Blas, 15/01/1894.87. Brake and Codell, ‘Introduction: Encountering the Press’, pp. 1–2.88. Le Petit républicain du Midi, 31/08/1902; Le Petit républicain du Midi, 16/09/1902.89. VF, 1889, no.104; VF, 1884, no.16; VF, 1887, no.41; Jean-François Tétu, ‘L’illustration de la presse au xixe siècle’, Semen. Revue de sémio-linguistique des textes et discours, no. 25 (2008).90. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.91. ‘Othering’, Bruce and Yearley, The Sage Dictionary of Sociology, pp. 22–23.92. VF, 1887, no.54.93. VF, 1887, no.54.94. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, p. 68.95. Journal du Loiret, 31/05/1891; VF, 1891, no.141–143.96. VF, 1891, no.142.97. VF, 1891, no.143; Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.98. Journal du Loiret, 13/01/1892.99. VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.158.100. Toulmin, Fun without Vulgarity, chapter 4.101. Le Petit Haut-Marnais, 18/06/1906.102. Smith, Respectability as Moral Map, 116; Harry Oosterhuis, ‘Cycling, Modernity and National Culture’, Social History 41, no. 3 (2016), pp. 233–48.103. VF, 1893, no.210; VF, 1894, no.247; L’Intransigeant 1894, no.4995; Le vélo, 1893, no.500.104. VF, 1893, no.210.105. VF, 1885, no.20; VF, 1888, no.61; VF, 1891, no.152; VF, 1900, no.553–554.106. VF, 1885, no.20.107. VF, 1903, no.742.108. e.g. VF, 1885, no.18; VF, 1887, no. 41; VF, 1888, no.58; VF, 1889, no.90; VF, 1891, no. 137.109. VF, 1885, no.26.110. VF, 1911, no.1146; Le Petit Parisien, 20/02/1911; Christophe Delclitte, ‘La catégorie juridique «nomade» dans la loi de 1912’, Hommes & Migrations 1188, no. 1 (1995), pp. 23–30; Emmanuel Filhol, ‘Le discours républicain sur les «nomades» (1908–1912): les cas d’Étienne Flandin et de Marc Réville’, Ethnologie française 48, no. 4 (2018), pp. 687–98.111. Robert Schwartz, Ian Gregory, and Thomas Thevenin, ‘Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42 (2011), pp. 59 and 64–65.112. VF 1892, no.164.113. La Dépêche: journal quotidien, 04/02/1887.114. e.g.: VF, 1881, no.1. The word ‘chemins de fer’ is present 2515 times across 773 issues while the word ‘voyageur forain’ is present 4837 times and is overrepresented due to it being part of the syndicate’s and journal’s name. Application: AntConc.115. VF, 1903, no.751; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1892, no.164.116. VF 1885, no.20; VF1886, no.29; VF 1886, no.33.117. VF, 1887, no. 41–43; 1892, no164; VF, 1892, no. 162. VF, 1902, no.683–684; VF, 1892, no. 162.118. VF, 1890, no.116–122; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1892, no.157; VF, 1892, no.162; VF, 1892, no.164; VF, 1903, no.726; VF, 1903, no.732.119. VF, 1890, no.129; VF, 1891, no.145.120. VF, 1891, no.148; VF, 1905, no.807; VF, 1890, no.118; VF, 1891, no.146; VF, 1891, no.144; VF, 1891, no.146; Émile Pianet, Tarifs généraux et spéciaux concernant les transports par chemins de fer du matériel forain (Morand, 1898).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the European Research Council [948678].Notes on contributorsEva AndersenEva Andersen is a postdoctoral researcher on the EU-funded project ‘Science at the Fair: Performing Knowledge and Technology in Western Europe, 1850-1914’ (www.scifair.eu). Her current research focuses on the social and professional networks of itinerant showpeople and explores the various social and practical aspects of their profession. She obtained her PhD in history at the Center for Contemporary and Digital History at the University of Luxembourg. Her areas of expertise and research interests are the history of knowledge, history of science and digital history.

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Cultural & Social History HISTORY-

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