评估WRF-GC v2.0在2021年德克萨斯州休斯顿TRACER-AQ运动期间对边界层高度和垂直臭氧剖面的预测

IF 4 3区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Xueying Liu, Yuxuan Wang, Shailaja Wasti, Wei Li, Ehsan Soleimanian, James Flynn, Travis Griggs, Sergio Alvarez, John T. Sullivan, Maurice Roots, Laurence Twigg, Guillaume Gronoff, Timothy Berkoff, Paul Walter, Mark Estes, Johnathan W. Hair, Taylor Shingler, Amy Jo Scarino, Marta Fenn, Laura Judd
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要在2021年9月的密集运行期间,跟踪气溶胶对流实验-空气质量(TRACER-AQ)活动通过一套全面的地面和空中遥感测量来探测休斯顿的空气质量。在上述期间录得两次额后高臭氧事件(9月6日至11日和9月23日至26日)。在这项研究中,我们利用高分辨率(1.33 km)三维光化学模式,即天气研究与预报(WRF)驱动的GEOS-Chem (WRF- gc),评估了行星边界层(PBL)高度和垂直臭氧剖面的模拟。我们利用La Porte沿海站点的高度计和飞行在休斯顿城市和邻近水域上空的机载高光谱分辨率激光雷达2 (HSRL-2)评估了PBL高度。与La Porte的ceilometer相比,该模型捕获了PBL高度的日变化,具有很强的时间相关性(R>0.7)和±20%的偏差。与机载HSRL-2相比,该模式表现出中等至强的空间相关性(R= 0.26-0.68),在臭氧发作期间中午和下午时段偏差为±20%。对于陆地-水边界层高度的差异,水的边界层高度比陆地的浅。该模式预测的陆地-水差异比观测值更大,因为该模式一贯低估了陆地上的PBL高度。我们通过将该模式与对流层臭氧激光雷达(TROPOZ)、HSRL-2和臭氧探测器的垂直测量数据以及La Porte的49i型臭氧分析仪和一个连续环境监测站(CAMS)的地面测量数据进行比较,评估了臭氧的垂直分布。在两次臭氧发作期间,模式低估了自由对流层臭氧(2-3公里高空)9% - 22%,但高估了近地臭氧(50米高空)6% - 39%。边界层臭氧(0.5-1 km高空)在9月8-11日被低估了1% - 11%,而在9月23-26日被高估了0% - 7%。基于这些评价,我们发现了两个模式的局限性,即单层PBL表示和自由对流层臭氧低估。这些限制对其他模式中臭氧垂直混合和分布的预测有影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evaluating WRF-GC v2.0 predictions of boundary layer height and vertical ozone profile during the 2021 TRACER-AQ campaign in Houston, Texas
Abstract. The TRacking Aerosol Convection ExpeRiment – Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign probed Houston air quality with a comprehensive suite of ground-based and airborne remote sensing measurements during the intensive operating period in September 2021. Two post-frontal high-ozone episodes (6–11 and 23–26 September) were recorded during the aforementioned period. In this study, we evaluated the simulation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the vertical ozone profile by a high-resolution (1.33 km) 3-D photochemical model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC). We evaluated the PBL heights with a ceilometer at the coastal site La Porte and the airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar 2 (HSRL-2) flying over urban Houston and adjacent waters. Compared with the ceilometer at La Porte, the model captures the diurnal variations in the PBL heights with a very strong temporal correlation (R>0.7) and ±20 % biases. Compared with the airborne HSRL-2, the model exhibits a moderate to strong spatial correlation (R=0.26–0.68), with ±20 % biases during the noon and afternoon hours during ozone episodes. For land–water differences in PBL heights, the water has shallower PBL heights compared to land. The model predicts larger land–water differences than the observations because the model consistently underestimates the PBL heights over land compared to water. We evaluated vertical ozone distributions by comparing the model against vertical measurements from the TROPospheric OZone lidar (TROPOZ), the HSRL-2, and ozonesondes, as well as surface measurements at La Porte from a model 49i ozone analyzer and one Continuous Ambient Monitoring Station (CAMS). The model underestimates free-tropospheric ozone (2–3 km aloft) by 9 %–22 % but overestimates near-ground ozone (<50 m aloft) by 6 %-39 % during the two ozone episodes. Boundary layer ozone (0.5–1 km aloft) is underestimated by 1 %–11 % during 8–11 September but overestimated by 0 %–7 % during 23–26 September. Based on these evaluations, we identified two model limitations, namely the single-layer PBL representation and the free-tropospheric ozone underestimation. These limitations have implications for the predictivity of ozone's vertical mixing and distribution in other models.
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来源期刊
Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
8.60
自引率
9.80%
发文量
352
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Geoscientific Model Development (GMD) is an international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and public discussion of the description, development, and evaluation of numerical models of the Earth system and its components. The following manuscript types can be considered for peer-reviewed publication: * geoscientific model descriptions, from statistical models to box models to GCMs; * development and technical papers, describing developments such as new parameterizations or technical aspects of running models such as the reproducibility of results; * new methods for assessment of models, including work on developing new metrics for assessing model performance and novel ways of comparing model results with observational data; * papers describing new standard experiments for assessing model performance or novel ways of comparing model results with observational data; * model experiment descriptions, including experimental details and project protocols; * full evaluations of previously published models.
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