Microscope-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting in diffuse coronary artery disease: immediate and mid-term results

Background: In recent years, a typical candidate for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has become a patient with complex, multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD), often with an unsatisfactory and small distal bed. The prevalence of diffuse CAD is 4.2%-46.0%, and the CABG refusal rate due to this disease accounts for 1.3%-15.0%. Diffuse CAD is an independent predictor of mortality and poor prognosis after CABG. Due to a lack of uniform criteria for diffuse CAD and randomized trials, there is no preferred surgical treatment option for such patients.Objective: To evaluate immediate and mid-term results of microscope-assisted CABG in patients with ischemic heart disease and diffuse CAD.Methods: We calculated a diffuseness score and determined whether the criterion of diffuse lesion by SYNTAX score was met. For our retrospective study we selected 187 ischemic heart disease patients with 3-vessel CAD who underwent microscope-assisted CABG. A coronary lesion with a diffuseness score of >18 was considered diffuse if the SYNTAX score criterion was met for each of the main coronary arteries. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 for patients with diffuse CAD (n = 60) and group 2 for patients with CAD that did not meet the criterion to be considered diffused (n = 127). The propensity score matching was used to reduce differences between the groups. The primary end point was death from any cause; the secondary end points were adverse cardiovascular events (death from cardiac causes, myocardial infarction, repeated revascularization, acute cerebrovascular accident) and angina.Results: No significant differences in the frequency of in-hospital specific and nonspecific complications were found. The frequency of achieved complete revascularization was comparable between the groups. There were no significant differences in the long-term survival, adverse cardiovascular events, and freedom from angina during the median follow-up of 39 months (min 1 month; max 60 months). The univariate analysis after the propensity score matching showed that diffuse CAD was not a significant predictor of death from any cause [hazard ratio (HR), 1.141; 95% CI, 0.348-3.742; P = .83], adverse cardiovascular events [HR, 0.940; 95% CI, 0.425-2.078; P = .88], and angina [HR, 0.817; 95% CI, 0.394-1.696; P = .59]. The multivariate analysis revealed no significant association between diffuse CAD and death from any cause both before [HR, 1.382; 95% CI, 0.396-4.815; P = .61] and after propensity score matching [HR, 2.079; 95% CI, 0.158-27.422; P = .58]. We found that within 60 months after CABG, the risk of death from any cause was increased: by patient’s age [HR, 1.166; 95% CI, 1.043-1.303; P = .007], male sex [HR, 5.583; 95% CI, 1.062-29.344; P = .042], and diabetes mellitus [HR, 3.673; 95% CI, 1.143-11.805; P = .029] before the propensity score matching and by patient’s age [HR, 2.055; 95% CI, 1.028-4.104; P = .041] and cardiopulmonary bypass time [HR, 1.190; 95% CI, 1.014-1.397; P = .033] after the propensity score matching.Conclusion: Microscope-assisted CABG in patients with diffuse CAD can achieve satisfactory immediate and mid-term results. We found no association between diffuse CAD and the risk of adverse events. Received 30 January 2023. Revised 29 June 2023. Accepted 5 July 2023. Funding: The study did not have sponsorship. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Contribution of the authorsConception and study design: A.N. Semchenko Data collection and analysis: A.M. Shevchenko, I.V. Zaicev, A.V. Semchenko, T.B. VnukovaStatistical analysis: A.N. SemchenkoDrafting the article: A.N. Semchenko, I.V. ZaicevCritical revision of the article: A.M. Shevchenko, A.V. Semchenko, T.B. VnukovaFinal approval of the version to be published: A.N. Semchenko, A.M. Shevchenko, I.V. Zaicev, A.V. Semchenko, T.B. Vnukova