Are we close(d)? Debating the openness paradox in science

AbstractIn our theoretical and conceptual article, we propose that the application of Niklas Luhmann’s sociological systems theory as a difference-theoretical approach to the opening of science unveils an openness paradox. We describe and discuss the general concept of open science as currently proposed by UNESCO and posit that only by accepting the scientific method as truly and inherently open, can higher education institutions and science at large indeed be considered open. The paradox arises by analyzing and discovering through systems theory how the relevant systems function and the various structures within science (e.g., publishing and funding) are seemingly destined to be and ultimately stay closed. Finally, we propose a desideratum for open science that could dissipate the openness paradox in the future and once and for all answer the question “Are we close(d)?”.Keywords: systems theoryscientific methodopen scienceopen educationdecentralized scienceopenness Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was declared by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBenjamin HeurichBenjamin Heurich is a researcher at the Institute for Applied Blockchain with a focus on media education, digital literacy, sociology, and social philosophy. He advocates for open science and universal structures to promote global education and justice beyond nation states.Bence LukácsBence Lukács is a researcher at the Institute for Applied Blockchain and has worked on media didactics, digital transformation, and organizational development through the lens of openness and social sciences. His main research centers around decentralized education and open science.