Integrating enhanced efficiency fertilizers and nitrogen rates to improve Canada Western Red Spring wheat

Granular urea fertilizer applied at planting is prone to nitrogen (N)N losses in certain environments. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are developed to mitigate losses and optimize plant uptake. To determine the benefits of EEFs in grain yield and quality enhancement in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, an experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2022 at eight sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects of five N sources [urea; urea + urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); urea + nitrification inhibitor, Nitrapyrin; urea + dual-inhibitor, (NBPT + Ddicyandiamide); and polymer-coated urea, ESN® (Environmentally Smart Nitrogen®)] and four N rates (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha-1) on CWRS wheat production were examined. Results indicated that N source affected grain yield in Dark Brown Chernozem soils but not in Black Chernozem or Dark Grey Luvisol soils. In Dark Brown Chernozem soils, a dual-inhibitor increased grain yield by 3.1% and 3.9% relative to urea and polymer-coated urea, respectively, while all other EEFs attained similar results. The use of a dual-inhibitor EEFs led to greater net returns compared to urea and polymer-coated urea in the Dark Brown Chernozem soils. Grain protein concentration increased linearly with increasing N rate from 60 to 240 kg N ha-1. Generally, a rate of 120 kg N ha-1 was optimal for CWRS wheat grown in Canadian prairie conditions when coupled with EEFs, particularly a dual-inhibitor, and grain yield and protein were often responsive.