Magmatic Native Gold: Composition, Texture, Genesis, and Evolution in the Earth’s Crust

Abstract ––Here we report results of microforms’ studies of native gold and its alloys in igneous rocks, modified to varying degrees by secondary processes. We discuss the composition and occurrence of both the deep-seated magmatic gold-bearing alloys and the products of their transformation under conditions of the upper Earth’s crust. Gold-bearing Kamchatka adakites and ankaramites, Ildeus massif mafic-ultramafic intrusions and adakites from the Stanovoy fold system as well as dacites from the Bolivian Andes were formed during melting of either the suprasubduction mantle wedge or the subducted oceanic crust. In depleted peridotites from the Avachinsky Volcano in Kamchatka as well as suprasubduction ophiolites from Polar Urals, Eastern Sayan and the Western Mediterranean Betic–Rifean belt, the gold-bearing mantle was hybridized by subduction-related melts and high-temperature fluids. Volcanic rocks associated with the Lesser Khingan Fe–Mn deposits and Zolotaya Gora Au deposit in Southern Urals as well as Taragai ultramafic rocks in the South Khingan Range display subduction-related geochemical characteristics. Gold-bearing trachytes in the Virginian Appalachians (USA) represent felsic differentiates of mafic intraplate magmas. We propose that one of the principal forms of gold transport into the upper crustal environments is represented by Cu–Ag–Au alloys, which precipitated from mantle-derived silicate melt enriched in chalcophile and siderophile elements. Such Cu–Ag–Au alloy-rich magmatic rocks can either constitute primary sources of precious metals in the mantle-crust system or serve as geochemical precursors to the formation of native gold assemblages in epithermal and mesothermal ore deposits. Presence of magmatic gold particles in subduction-related igneous rocks and mantle restites hybridized by subduction-derived melts and high-temperature fluids suggest the existence of gold-rich horizons in the Earth’s mantle at depths comparable to typical depths of generation of primary convergent zone and some within-plate magmas.