高水平和优秀男女短跑运动员训练过程对自主神经系统状态、中枢血流动力学和身体工作能力的影响

Ye. L. Mykhaliuk, Y. Horokhovskyi
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引用次数: 0

摘要

目的:探讨男女高水平和优秀短跑运动员训练过程对自主神经系统参数、中枢血流动力学和体力工作能力的影响。材料与方法:在训练前期,对145名具有CMS(高级游泳运动员)至MS-MSIC(优秀游泳运动员)运动资格的短跑运动员(女56名,男89名)进行了调查,其中2006年的短跑运动员56名(女31名,男25名),2021年的短跑运动员89名(女25名,男64名)。为了评估心脏活动的自主调节,使用了HRV分析的时域和频域方法。中心血流动力学参数由自动四极流变仪检测。体力劳动能力的测量是根据自行车劳力计常用的技术,采用次极大PWC170测试,计算体力劳动能力的相对值,即PWC170/kg。结果:2006年和2021年短跑运动员的研究参数比较显示,目前具有体育资格CMS的高水平短跑运动员(男女)PWC170/kg分别下降了23.84% (p=0.0003)和12.68% (p=0.018),具有体育资格MS-MSIC的优秀男子游泳运动员下降了9.46% (p=0.017),具有体育资格MS-MSIC的优秀女子游泳运动员下降了18.28% (p=0.154)。HRV和中心血流动力学参数的差异无统计学意义。结论:在现代高水平女游泳运动员中,交感神经臂仍占主导地位,PWC170/kg值比2006年同水平女游泳运动员低23.84% (p=0.0003)。2021年优秀女子游泳运动员各项指标与2006年同水平女子游泳运动员各项指标无显著差异。当今优秀男子游泳运动员和高级男子游泳运动员的PWC170/kg值分别比2006年同水平运动员低9.46% (p=0.017)和12.68% (p=0.018)。与2006年相比,现代男女游泳-短跑运动员的功能状态显著下降,这可能是由于现代训练方法的改变,目的是通过增加速度和力量(无氧)方向的负荷来减少一般耐力(有氧方向)发展区域的训练负荷。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Effect of the training process of high-class and elite sprint swimmers of both genders on the state of the autonomic nervous system, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity
Purpose: to investigate the influence of the training process of high-class and elite sprint swimmers of both genders on the parameters of the autonomic nervous system, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity. Material & Methods: in the preparatory period of the training process, 145 sprint swimmers (56 females and 89 males) with sports qualifications from CMS (high-class swimmers) to MS-MSIC (elite swimmers) were examined, of which 56 sprint swimmers (31 females and 25 males) in 2006 and 89 sprint swimmers in 2021 (25 females and 64 males). To assess the autonomic regulation of cardiac activity time- and frequency domain methods of HRV analysis were used. Central hemodynamic parameters were examined by an automated tetrapolar rheography. Physical working capacity was measured according to a common technique on a cycling ergometer using a submaximal PWC170 test and calculating the relative value of physical working capacity, i.e. PWC170/kg. Results: comparison of the studied parameters in sprint swimmers examined in 2006 and 2021 showed a significant decrease in PWC170/kg in present-day high-class sprint swimmers with sports qualification CMS (both females and males), by 23.84%, (p=0.0003) and 12.68% (p=0.018), respectively, and in elite male swimmers with sports qualifications MS-MSIC by 9.46% (p=0.017), as well as a downward trend in elite female swimmers with sports qualifications MS-MSIC by 18.28% (p=0.154). Differences in HRV and central hemodynamics parameters were statistically insignificant. Conclusions: in present-day high-class female swimmers, the predominance of the sympathetic arm of the ANS was revealed, the value of PWC170/kg was 23.84% (p=0.0003) lower than in female swimmers of the same level in 2006. There were no significant differences between all the studied indices of elite female swimmers in 2021 and the indices of female swimmers of the same level in 2006. In present-day elite male swimmers and high-class male swimmers, the value of PWC170/kg was lower, respectively, by 9.46% (p=0.017) and 12.68% (p=0.018) than in swimmers of the same level in 2006. A significant decrease in the functional state of modern swimmers-sprinters of both genders against an earlier achievement of qualification standards than their peers in 2006 may be due to a change in the modern methodology of the training process aimed at reducing the training load in the zone of development of general endurance (aerobic orientation) by increasing the load of speed and power (anaerobic) orientation.
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