清代书院生源制度及其变迁——以湖南为中心

Ming-wood Liu
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In the late Qing dynasty, the system of allowances and rewards based on the results of each test and the number of special awards beg an to become popular. The scale of the “extra” system kept g rowing . At the same time, At the same time, the emergence of new types of academies also led to new changes in the academy student quota system. Hunan province is an important region for the development of academies in the Qing dynasty. Taking Hunan province as the center to clarify the student quota system of academies in the Qing dynasty and its chang es is of great significance for answering questions such as what is the academy learning experience, how to determine academy students, how to determine the size of academy students. \n \n청대 초기 서원은 명대의 강학 풍조를 계승하였다. 서원의 재사(齋舍)와 같은 환경적 제한으로 인해, 서원의 졸업 규모는 비교적 적으면서도 안정적이었기에 생도의 정원에 관한 제도는 없었다. 서원의 고장(膏獎) 제도의 발전에 힘입어, 고화액(膏火額), 장상액(獎賞額) 제도가 출현하였다. 고장 제도는 또한고정생액(固定生額), 고화액(膏火額), 상과장상(常課獎賞) 등으로 겸비되었다. ‘액외(額外)’ 제도 또한 유행하기 시작하였으며, ‘수과고장(隨課膏獎)’, 전과장상액(專課獎賞額) 또한 출현하기 시작했다. 청대 말기에 이르러, ‘수과고장’ 제도 및 전과장상액 제도가 유행하면서 ‘액외’ 규모 또한 지속 확장되었다. 이와동시에, 신식 서원의 출현 또한 서원의 생도 정원 제도에 새로운 변화를 가져다주었다. 호남은 청대 서원 발전에 있어 중심 지역으로서, 호남을 중심으로청대 서원의 생도 정원 제도 및 그 변화를 파악해본다면 서원의 학습 이수가어떻게 이루어졌는지, 그리고 서원의 졸업생을 어떻게 확정하였는지, 심지어서원 졸업생의 규모를 어떻게 특정하였는지 등의 의문에 대한 의미 있는 답안을 도출할 수 있을 것이다.","PeriodicalId":255388,"journal":{"name":"Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The student quota system of academy and its changes in Qing dynasty Centering on Hunan\",\"authors\":\"Ming-wood Liu\",\"doi\":\"10.15186/ikc.2022.12.31.04\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"In the early Qing Dynasty, the academy followed the Ming Dynasty's lecture style, limited to the houses of the academies. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

清初书院沿袭明代的讲堂风格,仅限于书院的院舍内。书院学生规模小,相对稳定,不实行名额制度。随着学院津贴奖励制度的发展,学院开始有了津贴奖励的数量。津贴和奖励制度与住校学生相结合,共同造就了固定数量的学院学生。清代中期,科举制度逐渐成为书院的主导制度。配额制度包括固定的学生人数、津贴数量和正常奖励。“额外”制度开始流行,基于每次考试成绩和特殊奖励数量的津贴和奖励制度开始出现。在清末,根据每次考试的结果和特殊奖励的数量来津贴和奖励的制度开始流行起来。“额外”系统的规模不断扩大。与此同时,新型院校的出现也导致了院校生源定额制度的新变化。湖南是清代书院发展的重要地区。以湖南省为中心,厘清清代书院生源定额制度及其变迁,对于解答什么是书院学习经验、如何确定书院生源、如何确定书院生源规模等问题具有重要意义。【翻译】:【翻译】와서원의재사(齋舍)같은환경적제한으로인해,서원의졸업규모는비교적적으면서도안정적이었기에생도의정원에관한제도는없었다。서원의고장(膏獎)제도의발전에힘입어,고화액(膏火額),장상액(獎賞額)제도가출현하였다。고장제도는또한고정생액(固定生額),고화액(膏火額),상과장상(常課獎賞)등으로겸비되었다。“액외(額外)제도또한유행하기시작하였으며,“수과고장(隨課膏獎)”,전과장상액(專課獎賞額)또한출현하기시작했다。청대말기에이르러‘수과고장“제도및전과장상액제도가유행하면서”액외”규모또한지속확장되었다。신이와동시에,식서원의출현또한서원의생도정원제도에새로운변화를가져다주었다。호남은청대서원발전에있어중심지역으로서,호남을중심으로청대서원의생도정원제도및그변화를파악해본다면서원의학습이수가어떻게이루어졌는지,그리고서원의졸업생을어떻게확정하였는지,심지어서원졸업생의규모를어떻게특정하였는지등의의문에대한의미있는답안을도출할수있을것이다。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The student quota system of academy and its changes in Qing dynasty Centering on Hunan
In the early Qing Dynasty, the academy followed the Ming Dynasty's lecture style, limited to the houses of the academies. The students of the academies were small and relatively stable, and there was no quota system for students. With the development of the system of academy allowances and rewards, the academy began to have the number of allowances and awards. The system of allowances and rewards is combined with the resident student, co-created a fixed number of students in the academy. In the middle of the Qing dynasty, the examination system gradually became the dominant system of the academy. The quota system included a fixed number of students, the number of allowances and normal awards. The “extra” system has become popular, The system of allowances and rewards based on the results of each test and the number of special awards began to appear. In the late Qing dynasty, the system of allowances and rewards based on the results of each test and the number of special awards beg an to become popular. The scale of the “extra” system kept g rowing . At the same time, At the same time, the emergence of new types of academies also led to new changes in the academy student quota system. Hunan province is an important region for the development of academies in the Qing dynasty. Taking Hunan province as the center to clarify the student quota system of academies in the Qing dynasty and its chang es is of great significance for answering questions such as what is the academy learning experience, how to determine academy students, how to determine the size of academy students. 청대 초기 서원은 명대의 강학 풍조를 계승하였다. 서원의 재사(齋舍)와 같은 환경적 제한으로 인해, 서원의 졸업 규모는 비교적 적으면서도 안정적이었기에 생도의 정원에 관한 제도는 없었다. 서원의 고장(膏獎) 제도의 발전에 힘입어, 고화액(膏火額), 장상액(獎賞額) 제도가 출현하였다. 고장 제도는 또한고정생액(固定生額), 고화액(膏火額), 상과장상(常課獎賞) 등으로 겸비되었다. ‘액외(額外)’ 제도 또한 유행하기 시작하였으며, ‘수과고장(隨課膏獎)’, 전과장상액(專課獎賞額) 또한 출현하기 시작했다. 청대 말기에 이르러, ‘수과고장’ 제도 및 전과장상액 제도가 유행하면서 ‘액외’ 규모 또한 지속 확장되었다. 이와동시에, 신식 서원의 출현 또한 서원의 생도 정원 제도에 새로운 변화를 가져다주었다. 호남은 청대 서원 발전에 있어 중심 지역으로서, 호남을 중심으로청대 서원의 생도 정원 제도 및 그 변화를 파악해본다면 서원의 학습 이수가어떻게 이루어졌는지, 그리고 서원의 졸업생을 어떻게 확정하였는지, 심지어서원 졸업생의 규모를 어떻게 특정하였는지 등의 의문에 대한 의미 있는 답안을 도출할 수 있을 것이다.
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