Historical and urban-planing development оf the Pryvokzalnii district of Chernivtsi

The article highlights the territorial development of the Pryvokzalnii district of the city in the Austro-Hungarian, Romanian, and Soviet periods of the development of the city of Chernivtsi. The development of the streets of the Pryvokzalnii district, which to some extent, was included in the list of architectural monuments of local importance, was considered. The urban planning documentation of the city was analyzed, and the project of the detailed plan of the Pryvokzalnii district, which was developed during the Soviet period, was considered. In 1972, the Lviv Branch of the Ukrainian State Urban Planning Institute "Mistoproject" developed a detailed planning project for the Pryvokzalnii district of Chernivtsi. The projected district is located in the close proximity to the central and northern industrial districts of the city and is intended for resettlement of workers employed at enterprises located in these districts. The territory which is covered by the detailed planning project, has a complex topography. Due to the great steepness of the slopes and the presence of landslides, a large part of the territory is unsuitable for residential and public buildings and could only be used for the creation of green massifs. There area number of industrial enterprises on the territory of the district. The most significant of them are a shoe and a brewery factories located in its northeastern part along Haharin Street. Near the railway station on Nikitin Street there was a site of a winery, knitting and hosiery factories. The city-wide main road passes through the district - Haharin Street, on which the main connection of the right-bank and left-bank districts of the city is carried out via the bridge to the Prut River, as well as access to external routes - settlements of neighbouring districts of the region. Project architectural and planning organization of the territory - the main principles of the planning and spatial solution of the district are determined by its location and scale in the system of other entities of the city, the specificity of natural conditions and the order of development of the territory. The quarter of the new development, located in an amphitheatre facing Haharin Street, in combination with high-rise accents located on the most exposed areas and completing the axial perspectives of the main thoroughfares, will naturally fit into the existing landscape of the planned area. The project paid great attention to solving the silhouette formation of the district both from the side of the main entrances to the city and from its central part. The new building according to the project is located on a high terrace of the Prut River in combination with an interesting and diverse landscape of the territory, should form and significantly enrich the silhouette of the entire city. For this purpose, the project envisaged the construction of several groups of high-rise buildings and service complexes in the most exposed areas of the district. The transport connection of the district with the city centre and the northern industrial district was planned and carried out along Haharin Street (currently Vokzalna Street). The city ring highway is designed along the Klokuchka River, it will connect the Pryvokzalnii district with the new districts of the southern part of the city and recreation and sports areas. Significant areas of the district, unsuitable for construction due to the presence of steep terrain and landslides, are intended for the creation of large parks and gardens, forming a single system of green areas of the city. It is also planned to straighten and strengthen the Prut River, with the construction of a promenade. The community centre of the district is located on the lower terraces along Haharin Street and the upper terraces along Berezhanska Street and is united into a single complex by a system of retaining walls, viewing platforms, stairs and separate service facilities. The development of the district was supposed to be implemented in two stages lasting 10-15 years each. The first stage of development includes a block of buildings on the slopes between Haharin and Berezhanska streets, as well as on a high plateau in the block of Haharin and Naddvirnianska streets. The planned building will form the entrance to the city and will significantly improve the aesthetic perception of the entire district. At the second stage, the territory between Berezhanska and Zolochevska Streets, between the projected ring road and Chernyshevskii Street, will be developed. The development of the district in its most elevated northwestern part is being completed. The basis of the solution for residential development is the principle of arranging residential complexes from block-sections of different storeys of the 67 series, developed by KyivZNDIEP (Kyiv Zonal Research Institute of Experimental Construction) for construction in seismic areas of the Ukrainian SSR. The composite approach to the construction of residential structures takes into account the specific natural conditions of the area, characterized by significant slopes of the relief and strong dismemberment of areas suitable for residential construction. The development is mostly solved by long "continuous" houses of various configurations, composed of block sections of different storeys with corner and T-shaped inserts. This method of construction achieves a clear organization of internal living spaces and a more intensive use of the territory in the presence of complex terrain. The total housing stock of the projected area is 197.6 thousand m2. Cultural and household services for the population of the district are decided according to a two-level system - everyday and periodic. All types of establishments are located within walking distance, taking into account the standard service radius. The project envisaged the organization of parks, squares, the construction of embankments and pedestrian paths within residential quarters and groups of buildings. A complete reconstruction of the existing streets and the construction of new ones with the arrangement of the covering of driveways and sidewalks and the planting of green spaces along the streets were foreseen. The arrangement of residential buildings with open nodes open to favourable winds and sunlight ensures ventilation and insolation of the interior spaces of the territory. In this way, having researched the historical and town-planning development and analyzed in detail the town-planning documentation of the Soviet period of the development of the station district of the city of Chernivtsi, the following conclusions can be drawn from the material presented above: - the urban development of this district directly depended on the city-forming enterprises of the Central, partly Northern industrial districts of the city, because the formation of the development of the districts of the district, in particular, the housing stock was also formed for the workers of the enterprises; - the planned development of the first stage or stage of development of the district was supposed to form the entrance to the city and to a large extent improve the aesthetic perception of the entire district, but unfortunately, under one or another circumstances, this was not destined to happen - the first stage of development remained in the project drawings; - on the territory of the district there are abandoned buildings and structures of various purposes that were built in different eras of the development of the Railway Station District and the city of Chernivtsi; - further development of the territory is possible in the case of revitalization, reconstruction of abandoned territories of former industrial enterprises, change of purpose of territories, plots of industrial zones for residential construction and objects of daily service.