Analytical Optimization Model to Locate and Design Runway-Taxiway Junctions

Air traffic and airport operations are expected to experience significant growth worldwide in the upcoming years. One of the possible approaches to adapt to this demand-led growth in the sector, while guaranteeing optimal levels of airport services and operations safety, is to maximize the capacities of busy airport infrastructures (in particular runways) by evacuating them in the shortest time possible to be ready for hosting next operations. The main research areas in this field range from statistical risk analyses based on the registered accidents databases to simulation analyses modelling the behaviour of the aircraft during landing operations. The main objective of this study is to determine precisely the optimal distances of runway-taxiway junctions from the runway’s threshold, according to numerous impact parameters such as airport climate pattern, operating aircraft categories, infrastructure type, and capacity, route connections, operating costs, and associated risks. The authors developed a mathematical model with the goal of simulating the dynamic behaviour of the aircraft during landing and possible consequences introduced by the presence of contaminants over the pavement surface, by calculating their braking distances, and finally to optimize the use of existing infrastructures, specially runway-taxiway junctions, of a commercial airport. In this regard, the interactions between landing gear, pavement, and fluid were carefully analysed. The dynamic pavement skid resistance values in wet pavement conditions were evaluated for optimizing the required landing distances, which are setting the base for optimizing the location of the taxiway junctions. An Italian international airport was selected as the case study to be simulated by the developed model in order to optimize its runway capacity and maximize its rate of operations. In the process, two different scenarios are simulated with the developed model; a modified design of an existing runway and an alternative design solution for constructing a new runway. The developed model offers improvements for both scenarios with respect to the current runway configurations in terms of reduction in mean rolling distances. The simulation of the selected case study shows that the taxiway modification scenario achieves a reduction of 23% in the mean rolling distance for wet and 25% for dry pavement conditions. While, for designing a new runway, greater reductions of 27% for wet and 39% for dry pavement conditions are obtained due to the higher flexibilities and degrees of freedom in designing a runway from the beginning. The developed model can precisely propose new configurations of the runway-taxiway junctions with lower mean rolling distances, which lower the operation costs and fuel consumption, decrease the runway evacuation times and increase the capacity of the airfield. The main advantage of this model is its ability to cover a wider spectrum of boundary conditions with respect to the existing models and its applicability for designing new runways, plus to optimize the configuration of existing infrastructures in order to satisfy the evolution of the industry.