Transistor innovation in the 21st century — A lesson in serendipity

Technology scaling has led to unprecedented level of integration with billions of high-speed nanotransistors on a single chip reducing the cost per function. On the device technology front, with continued scaling, device engineers have achieved new transistor breakthroughs and introduced innovations at a rapid pace followed by successful launch of commercially successful products such as high performance microprocessors that power today over a billions of mobile smartphones, personal computers and massive data centers.