乌克兰食品消费的统计分析

Iryna Poruchinska, Volodymyr Poruchinsky, Andrii Slashchuk, Alla Slashchuk
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文对粮食安全的现代解释及其定义的现有方法进行了论证。对每一种现有的方法都作了简要的描述。已经确定的是,粮食安全包括消费和生产两个方面。经确定,粮食安全水平的评估是根据联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织建议的指标,并按照乌克兰内阁部长决议批准的方法进行的。已经澄清的是,粮食安全的一个重要条件是遵守合理的粮食标准,其主要决定因素是粮食消费量和粮食消费是否充足的指标。人均粮食消费这一粮食安全指标值得特别注意。这一指标同时反映了国内市场上粮食的供应情况及其可得性。在其他条件相同的情况下,稳定的高食品消费水平为得出关于食品供应稳定性的结论提供了依据,并分析了食品消费结构,从而有可能确定营养充足的特征。分析了乌克兰2000-2020年人均基本食品消费量的动态变化。据发现,在此期间,乌克兰人口减少了某些基本类型食物的消费,即糖、面包和面包制品以及土豆。相反,水果、浆果和葡萄、鸡蛋、肉和肉制品、蔬菜和瓜类作物、鱼和鱼制品、油、牛奶和乳制品的消费量增加了。在分析的基础上,可以确定,根据一些指标,乌克兰的粮食安全水平是足够的,但根据某些粮食组部分的某些指标,它是威胁的。根据对面包和烘焙产品的平均人均消费量的分析,评估了乌克兰各地区之间消费水平的差异;油;糖;土豆;蔬菜和瓜类作物;水果、浆果和葡萄;鱼及鱼制品;肉类及肉制品;牛奶和奶制品;鸡蛋。乌克兰人口的食品消费是根据生理最低限度和合理消费标准的规范确定的。已经确定,对于大多数基本食品,理性规范和实际消费之间存在显著差异,这也因地区而异。已经澄清的是,牛奶、肉类、鱼类、水果、浆果和葡萄等食品类别的情况最为糟糕。2020年,乌克兰没有一个行政区域为相应产品的消费提供合理的规范。特别是,乌克兰人的乳制品消费量比正常水平低了近47%,鱼类产品少了38%,水果、浆果和葡萄少了37.2%,肉类产品少了近33%。对于每个地区,食品消费充分性指标计算为人均食品实际消费量与合理消费规范的比值。如果一个国家(地区)对某类产品的消费指标大于1,则说明该国家(地区)对该产品提供了合理的消费标准。对于所有概述的产品类型,已经确定了具有最佳和最差指标的区域。特别是,蔬菜和瓜类作物的价值高于乌克兰20个州中的1个,马铃薯占16个州,面包和面包产品占10个州,石油占7个州,鸡蛋占5个州,糖占1个州。乌克兰各地区根据该指标的值进行排名。已经确定了指标最好和最差的行政区域。某些类型的食品的消费充足的指标证明了人口饮食的不平衡,他们试图以牺牲更经济的产品(土豆、蔬菜、面包产品)来确保自己的能源需求。已经确定,按照规定的评价标准提高粮食安全水平的战略任务应该是实现动物源性产品、鱼类和水果的消费的高速稳定增长,同时减少土豆的消费。关键词:食品安全,合理食品标准,食品充分消费指标
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Statistical analysis of food consumption in Ukraine
The article substantiates the modern interpretation of food security and existing approaches to its definition. Each of the existing approaches is briefly described. It has been established that food security includes both consumer and production aspects. It was established that the assessment of the level of food security is carried out on the basis of indicators recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, as well as in accordance with the Methodology approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It has been clarified that an important condition of food security is compliance with rational food standards, the main determinants of which are the volume of food consumption and the indicator of the sufficiency of food consumption. Such an indicator of food security as food consumption per capita deserves special attention. This indicator simultaneously characterizes the presence of food on the domestic market and its availability. A stable high level of food consumption, other things being equal, gives grounds for drawing conclusions about the stability of food supply, and analyzing the structure of food consumption, it is possible to characterize the adequacy of nutrition. Dynamic changes in the consumption of basic food products per capita in 2000-2020 in Ukraine were analyzed. It was found that during this period, the population of Ukraine reduced the consumption of some types of basic types of food, namely sugar, bread and bread products, and potatoes. On the contrary, the consumption of fruits, berries and grapes, eggs, meat and meat products, vegetables and melon crops, fish and fish products, oil, milk and dairy products increased. On the basis of the analysis, it was established that according to a number of indicators, the level of food security of Ukraine is sufficient, but according to certain indicators in the section of certain food groups, it is threatening. Differences in the level of consumption among the regions of Ukraine were assessed based on the analysis of the average per capita consumption of bread and bakery products; oils; sugar; potato; vegetables and melon crops; fruits, berries and grapes; fish and fish products; meat and meat products; milk and dairy products; eggs. The consumption of food products by the population of Ukraine was determined in accordance with the norms of the physiological minimum and rational consumption norms. It was established that for most basic food products there are significant discrepancies between rational norms and actual consumption, which also differ depending on the region. It has been clarified that the worst situation is observed in such food groups as milk, meat, fish, fruits, berries and grapes. In 2020, none of the administrative regions of Ukraine provided rational norms for the consumption of the corresponding product. In particular, Ukrainians consume dairy products less than the norm by almost 47%, fish products by 38%, fruits, berries and grapes by 37.2%, meat products by almost 33%. For each region, the indicator of food consumption sufficiency was calculated as the ratio of the actual consumption of food products and rational consumption norms per 1 person. If the indicator of consumption of a certain type of product of a country (region) is greater than 1, then it can be stated that rational consumption standards of the corresponding product are provided on its territory. Regions with the best and worst indicators have been determined for all outlined types of products. In particular, the value for vegetables and melon crops is higher than 1 in 20 oblasts of Ukraine, potatoes – in 16 oblasts, bread and bread products – in 10 oblasts, oil – in 7 oblasts, eggs – in 5 oblasts, sugar – in one oblast. The regions of Ukraine were ranked according to the value of this indicator. Administrative regions with the best and worst indicators have been determined. The given indicators of the sufficiency of the consumption of certain types of food products are evidence of the imbalance in the diet of the population, which is trying to ensure its own energy needs at the expense of more economically available products (potatoes, vegetables, bread products). It has been determined that the strategic task of increasing the level of food security in accordance with the specified evaluation criterion should be the achievement of high and stable growth rates in the consumption of products of animal origin, fish and fruit while simultaneously reducing the consumption of potatoes. Keywords: food safety, rational food standards, indicator of sufficient consumption of food products.
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