衡量欧洲极右翼:德国、波兰和俄罗斯仇外和反移民情绪的比较分析

A. Kinyakin, D. Kotov, S. Stepanov
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引用次数: 1

摘要

极右翼作为政治参与者的重要性日益上升,是近几十年来欧洲最引人注目的政治趋势之一。它引起了不断的研究活动,旨在分析公众对右翼力量的支持的性质。然而,研究人员在处理评估不同欧洲国家的极右翼公众支持的问题时,经常面临缺乏相关测量工具的问题,以及缺乏有效的跨国分析的有效方法。这不仅源于不同的“政治背景”和“政治环境”,与政治传统和政治实践有关,而且源于公众对极右翼的支持既有“公开”成分,也有“隐蔽”成分。“公开”成分是表面的,很容易测量(主要是通过民意调查等传统工具),而“隐蔽”成分包含了深层次的社会情绪,很难测量。这给评估公众对极右翼势力的真正支持程度带来了真正的问题,因为考虑到“隐蔽”的成分对实现这一目标至关重要。2020年10月,为了解决这一问题,国际研究小组启动了该研究项目,旨在开发结合传统和“数字”研究方法的具体研究方法,如比较分析、专家访谈和“社交媒体倾听”(SML),以分析德国、波兰和俄罗斯三个欧洲社会的仇外和反移民情绪,作为“隐蔽”的组成部分。预计该研究项目的完成不仅将通过评估“隐蔽”成分来深入了解不同欧洲国家极右翼公众支持的具体情况,而且还将有助于评估其真实(总体)规模,并通过强调正在进行的政治和社会进程,挑出影响极右翼公众支持的因素。预计该研究项目将提供信息,以便为不同国家的极右翼政治进行有效的跨国分析,从而克服一些研究的“弱点”——从政治传统的巨大差异到相关数据的缺乏。本文的目的是提出和讨论详细的方法方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Measuring the far-right in Europe: comparative analysis of the xenophobic and anti-immigrant sentiment in Germany, Poland and Russia
The rising significance of the far-right as political actors is one of the most noticeable political trends in Europe within the recent decades. It causes constant research activity aimed at the analysis of nature of public support of right-wing forces. However, the researchers, dealing with the issues of assessing the public support of the far-right in different European countries frequently have confront the problem of lack of relevant measurement tools, as well as efficient methodology for valid cross-country analysis. This stems not only from different “political background” and “political environment”, connected with political traditions and political practices, but also from the nature of public support of the far-right, having not only “overt”, but also “covert” component. Whereas “overt” component is on the surface and is good measurable (mainly by conventional tools such as polling), the “covert” one, encompassing the in-depth social sentiments, is hardly measurable. This pose real problem for assessing the genuine amount of public support far-right forces taking into account the fact, that “covert” component is to be crucial in achieving that goal. In October 2020 to tackle this problem by the international group of researchers there was initiated the research project, aiming at development of the specific research methodology on the combination of traditional and “digital” research methods such as comparative analysis, expert interviews and “social media listening” (SML) for analysing the xenophobic and anti-immigrant sentiments in three European societies – in Germany, Poland and Russia as a “covert” component. The accomplishment of the research project is expected to provide not only the insights into specifics of the public support of the far-right in different European countries by assessing the “covert” component, but also help to assess its genuine (gross) scale as well as to single out the factors influencing the public support of the far-right by putting emphasis on the ongoing political and social processes. The research project is expected to deliver the information for elaboration of the gauges (indicators) for valid cross-country analysis of the far-right politics in different countries allowing to overcome some research “weak points” – ranging from huge differences in political traditions to scarcity of relevant data. The aim of this article is to present and discuss the elaborated methodological approach.
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