战后欧洲重建(20世纪40年代下半叶至50年代初)中的美国政治和经济学说:乌克兰的历史教训

V. Nebrat
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引用次数: 2

摘要

鉴于俄罗斯联邦正在进行的武装侵略以及不断增加的人员损失和经济潜力遭到破坏而使乌克兰面临的当前任务,必须重新考虑1940年代后半期- 1950年代初重建计划和向欧洲国家提供外援的历史经验。本文的目的是在研究二战后欧洲重建期间美国对外经济政策目标的设定和实施的基础上,评估向乌克兰提供大规模外援的可能性和保留意见。使用跨学科、协同学和进化论的一般科学方法、经验历史的方法、历史文献的解释学分析,以及概括经济趋势和确定因果关系的系统方法。人们确定,提供对外援助的先决条件是强烈的共同利益:美国经济需要市场扩张,欧洲国家需要人道主义援助和恢复经济潜力。战后重建项目发展的政治决定因素是反对苏联扩张和日益普及的社会主义意识形态。传播民主和自由贸易原则、促进投资、稳定经济以实现总体安全和发展的理念成为美国外交政策的理论基础。美国援助的原则设想确保欧洲经济复苏的日益自给自足;接受重建援助的红利;刺激美国经济的技术更新。战后重建计划的组织、财政和技术组成部分确保实现主要目标- -恢复生产、基础设施现代化、财政稳定和国际结算。形成的经济合作体制结构和战后复苏管理有助于实现提供外援的客观职能- -恢复欧洲的自我维持经济发展和扩大货物和资本国际流动的自由市场领域。美国在制定援助欧洲国家战后重建的计划时确立了实现这些目标的标准,其定义为:为美国商品创造新的市场,收回投资和收到收入;确保美国和西欧国家的高经济增长率;降低投资风险;生产技术更新;减少国际贸易中的贸易壁垒;对美国全球领导地位的制度支持;有效地反对苏联集团和国际共产主义运动。作为建立世界经济新制度秩序的一种方式,美国战后重建计划和措施的有效性已得到证实。在分析欧洲国家战后重建对外援助历史经验的基础上,总结出现代乌克兰的主要经验教训:1)援助国提供援助应具有经济利益;乌克兰必须发展和实施体制-法律和组织-管理机制,以实现其自身的经济利益和捍卫国家优先事项。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
American political and economic doctrine in post-war reconstruction of Europe (the second half of the 1940s – early 1950s): historical lessons for Ukraine
In the context of the current tasks facing Ukraine as a result of the ongoing armed aggression of the Russian Federation and growing human losses and destruction of economic potential, it is important to rethink the historical experience of reconstruction plans and foreign aid to European countries in the second half of the 1940s – early 1950s. The purpose of the article is to assess the possibilities and reservations regarding the provision of large-scale foreign aid to Ukraine based on a study of the setting and implementation of the goals of the US foreign economic policy during the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. General scientific approaches of interdisciplinarity, synergetics and evolutionism, methods of empirical history, hermeneutic analysis of historical documents, and a systemic approach to generalizing economic trends and determining cause-and-effect relationships are used. It was established that the prerequisites for the provision of foreign aid were strong mutual interest: the US economy needed market expansion, and European countries needed humanitarian aid and restoration of economic potential. The political determinants of the development of post-war reconstruction projects were opposition to Soviet expansion and socialist ideology, which was gaining popularity. The ideas of spreading the principles of democracy and free trade, promoting investments, and stabilizing economies for general security and development served as the doctrinal basis of the US foreign policy. The principles of American aid envisaged ensuring the growing self-sufficiency of the economic revival of Europe; receiving dividends from reconstruction assistance; stimulation of technological renewal of the US economy. The organizational, financial, and technological components of the post-war reconstruction plans ensured the achievement of the main goals – restoration of production, modernization of infrastructure, stabilization of finances and international settlements. The formed institutional structure of economic cooperation and management of post-war recovery contributed to the realization of the objective function of providing foreign aid - the return to self-sustaining economic development of Europe and the expansion of the area of the free market for the international movement of goods and capital. The criteria for achieving the goals of the United States, which were established during the development of plans for assistance in the post-war reconstruction of European countries, are defined as: creation of new markets for American goods, return of investments and receipt of income; ensuring high rates of economic growth both in the USA and in the countries of Western Europe; reduction of investment risks; technological renewal of production; reduction of trade barriers in international trade; institutional support for US global leadership; effective opposition to the Soviet bloc and the international communist movement. The effectiveness of American plans and measures of post-war reconstruction as a way of forming a new institutional order of the world economy has been confirmed. Based on the analysis of the historical experience of foreign aid in the post-war reconstruction of European countries, the main lessons for modern Ukraine are summarized: 1) donor countries should be economically interested in providing aid; 2) Ukraine must develop and implement institutional-legal and organizational-management mechanisms for realizing its own economic interests and defending national priorities.
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