PROBLEM SITUATION, PROBLEM AND LANGUAGE FORMS OF THEIR EXPRESSION IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

The article focuses on problems and problematic situations arising in scientific knowledge, as well as related antinomies and paradoxes, their interpretation and understanding of the role of these phenomena in the development of science. Their study is now considered by many scientists and philosophers to be one of the promising directions in the field of philosophy and methodology of science. The work showed that the problem situation as an objective error of inconsistency, incomplete or contradictory knowledge was found in a problem formulated in the language of a given science, where a certain contradiction was recorded, the nature of which determined a particular type of problem situation. The author therefore draws particular attention to contradictions called paradoxes or antinomias. As a result of the comparison of their interpretations by foreign and domestic researchers, the most important characteristics of paradoxes and antinomies are identified, as well as their differences from each other are revealed by their nature, their origin and methods of resolution. The article reveals the essence (mechanism) of the transition from the problem situation as an objective difficulty to its formal (language) expression - antinomia, paradox or logical policy and further - to the formulation of the problem. And it is also justified that the problem itself, by determining the subject 's choice of options to find a solution to it, that is, a strategy to resolve antinomies or paradoxes and eliminate logical contradictions, actually becomes the beginning of further research